EWALD, Georg Heinrich August, ga-cirg ow'goost evalt, German Orien talist and biblical cr.tic: b. Gottingen, 16 Nov. 1803; d. there, 4 May 1875. As a student he published his first critical work, Kompo sition der Genesis.' He became professor of theology at Gottingen in 1831, and in 1835 professor of Oriental languages. As one of the seven professors of Gottingen who signed the protest against the abrogation by King Ernest Augustus of the Hanoverian constitution, he was deposed from his chair and accepted, in 1838, a call to Tubingen as professor of phi losophy. In 1841 he was ennobled by the king of Wiirtemberg and returned in 1848 to Gottin gen, and resumed his old position. When Hanover was annexed by Prussia in 1866 he became a zealous defender of the rights of the ex-king and this led to his removal from his university chair, though his salary was con tinued. He was elected several times a member of the Diet, where he spoke strongly in favor of the restoration of the Hanoverian monarchy. His Grammatik der hebraischen Sprache> (Critical Grammar of the Hebrew Language) (1827), afterward merged in his Lehrbuch der hebraischen Sprache,> and continually enlarged (8th ed., 1870), formed an epoch in the study of Hebrew and placed Ewald in the first rank among scholars. Hohe Lied Salomos' (The Song of Solomon) ; (Die poetischen Bucher des Alten (The Poetical Books of the Old Testament) ; Propheten des Alten Bundes,' containing a translation and interpretation of all the prophets in chronological order ; together with his des Volkes Israel' (His tory of the People of Israel) ; and (Die Alter thiirner des Volkes Israel' (The Antiquities of the People of Israel), are his principal works on the Old Testament.
The (History of Israel> is considered his greatest work, entailed a labor of 30 years and is a work of rare genius stamped with the impress of its author's individuality. Like others of his more important writings, it has been trans lated into English. On the New Testament he wrote, among other works, (Uebersetzung and Erklirung alter Bucher des Neuen Testaments' (Translation and Explanation of all the Books of the New Testament). Another important work is 'Die Lehre der Bibel von Gott, oder Theologie des Alten and Neuen Bundes) (the Doctrine of the Bible regarding God, or Theol ogy of the Old and New Testaments). He also wrote philological treatises on various Eastern languages and on subjects connected with them, among which may be mentioned works on the book of Enoch, on Phcenician inscriptions, on Phcenician views regarding the creation of the world, on Arabic Grammar, and