FELLOWSHIP, an institution or feature of ancient origin in certain European univer sities, but of recent introduction in the colleges and universities of the United States. In an English university the fellowship entitles the holder, a graduate, who generally is called a fellow, to participate in the revenues of a cer tain college, or to have the benefit of a special endowment, and also confers a right to rooms in the college, and certain other privileges, as to meals, etc. Fellowships are generally for feited upon the attainment of a certain position in the church or at the bar, and are retained after marriage only by special vote of the col lege. With these exceptions, the tenure was formerly for life, but many fellowships have *altered in this respect. In Cambridge the tenure is now limited to six years. Both resi dent and traveling fellowships are granted for work in a special line. Formerly the value of some of the fellowships at Oxford and Cam bridge was equivalent to $2,500, and even $4,000, but great changes have been made in the number of emoluments of the fellows at both universities. At Cambridge there are in all about 400 fellowships, some of the colleges having as many as 50 or 60 attached to them. The average annual value is from $750 to $1,250. At Oxford there are now two classes of fellowships, ordinary and tutorial. The emoluments of an ordinary fellowship are $1,000 a year, those of a tutorial fellowship usually $1,500. New fellows are generally elected by the head of the college to which they belong, and the fellows. There are also fellows connected with Dublin University, and in recent years a few have been attached to the Scotch universities as well as to the new Eng lish universities of Manchester, Sheffield, Birmingham and Leeds. In American univer
sities many fellowships have been established by private individuals, to promote research in special departments of knowledge, there being in 1911 a total of 272 for the 13 leading uni versities. Fellowships are frequently awarded for study abroad, but others are for resident holders who, in some cases, give part of their time to instruction. Fellowships, unlike scholar ships, are awarded to graduates only, and gen erally for post-graduate work. The Johns Hop kins University first used the system ex tensively. The value of fellowships varies greatly. The most common amount is about $500 per annum, but in some cases the income is only $120 and in others it reaches $1,500. Chicago University has nearly 80 fellowships and several other institutions from 22 to 55 each. Annual fellowships may generally be reassigned more than once to the same holder, and there are fellowships with a tenure of several years. Thqre are several fellowships at the American schools of classical studies in Athens and in Rome, open to graduates of American universities. The distinction between fellowship and scholarship is one that is not very marked: the Rhodes scholarship, for ex ample, may be regarded rather in the light of fellowship. The term "fellow" is also applied to members of the governing body of cer tain universities, as at Harvard.