Fashion
Fashion, Conventional Usage In The Matter Of Certain Details Of Life, Especially The Changes And Modifications Of Costume In Civilized Na Tions; Mode Or Style In Dress. • Such Variations Of Costume Were Unknown To Most Nations Of The Ancient World And Among The Romans Only Influenced The Accessories Of ...
Fasting
Fasting. In Its Religious Or Magical Signification, And As A Social Custom, Fasting, By Which Is Implied Abstinence From Food, And Sometimes From Drink As Well, Varies Among Different Races. Among Savage Races The Rite Was Enjoined At Certain Stages Of Life, As An Act Of Mourning (when It Is ...
Fastolf
Fastolf, Fas'tolf, Sir John, English Soldier: B. Caister, Near Yarmouth, About 1378; D. There, 5 Nov. 1459. He Saw Much Service In The French Wars And Distinguished Himself In The Battle Of Agincourt, The Capture Of Caen, The Siege Of Rouen And Other Events. He Was Knighted About 1417, And ...
Father
Father, The, A Tragedy In Three Acts By Strindberg. Translated By N. Erichson. Soon After The Swedish Original Had Been Completed During A Stay In Bavaria In 1::7, A French Edi Tion Was Published With A Preface By Emile Zola, Who Praises The Drama Very Much, But Finds Fault "with ...
Fathers And Children
Fathers And Children (otsui I Dyeti). The Epithet (nihilist" As A Theological Term Dates Back To A Hoary Antiquity; Tur Genief Made It The Synoym Of Revolutionist, Though, Oddly Enough, The Hero Of His Most Successful Novel, (fathers And Sons,' Is Not Even By A Hint Connected With Politics. It ...
Fathers Of The Church
, Fathers Of The Church, A Title Bestowed Upon Certain Church Writers Who Stand Pre-eminent As Authorities In The Inter Pretation Of Scriptures, The Ritual Practice Of The Age They Lived In And The Formulation Of Doctrine As Accepted Dogma. They Represent The Main Stream Of Christian Tradition And Belief ...
Fatigue
Fatigue. A Term Common Both To Physi Ology And To Psychology. In The Former, Fatigue May Provisionally Be Defined As A Cer Tain Change In Function Of Muscle, Nerve Or Gland Resulting From Continued Stimulation. In Psychology Two Usages Of The Term Are To Be Distinguished; Qualitatively, Fatigue Is That ...
Fats
Fats. In Chemistry, This Class Of Sub Stances Was Originally Understood To Include All Those Compounds Of Carbon, Hydrogen And Oxygen Which Leave A Permanent, Translucent Grease-spot Upon Paper. In More Recent Times, However, It Has Been The Custom To Include Only Such Bodies Of This Sort As Admit Of ...
Faucher
Faucher, Leonard Joseph (leon), French Economist : B. Limoges, 8 Sept. 1803; D. Marseilles, 14 Dec. 1854. His Family Removed To Toulouse In 1812 And Four Years Later His Parents Were Separated. In Those Trying Years Leon Helped Support Himself And His Mother By Designing Embroidery, The While Attending To ...
Faulhaber
Faulhaber, Michael, Ger Man Prelate: B. Klosterheidenfeld, Bavaria, 5 March 1869. He Was Educated At The Schwein Furt Gymnasium, And At The Gymnasium, Univer Sity And Kilaneum Seminary Of Vv'nrzburg. In 1887-88 He Was A Soldier And Non-commissioned Officer In The Bavarian Army And Was Ordained To The Catholic Priesthood ...
Fault
Fault, In Geology, Any Rock-crack Or Fis Sure With Dislocation Of The Strata So That One Wall Of The Fracture Has Slipped Past The Other Wall. The Rock Movement May Accompany The Formation Of The Crack, Or May Come Later And The Total Movement May Vary From A Small Fraction ...
Faust
Faust, Foust Or Faustus, Fis'tus, Dr. John, German Magician: B. Knittlingen, Suabia; D. Staufen 1538. The Facts Of His Life Have Al Most Entirely Disappeared Amid The Legends And Fables In Which They Have Become Wrapped Up. He Appears To Have Been A Charlatan And Adven Turer Who Traveled From ...
Faust
Faust. Goethe's 'faust,' A Poetic Tragedy In Two Parts, Is Unquestionably The Greatest, Though Not The Only, Treatment Of Its Fruitful Theme. Goethe Began Work On It As Early As 1774. In November 1775, He Carried With Him To Weimar A Manuscript, Commonly Called The 'urfaust' Of Which A Fair ...
Faust_2
Faust. Grand Opera In Five Acts By Charles Francois Gounod (libretto By Barhier And Carre, After Goethe's Poem) First Produced At Paris, 19 March 1859. Easily The Most Pop Ular French Opera Of The Second Half Of The 19th Century, Gounod's Masterpiece Has Pene Trated To The Farthest Corners Of ...
Favorita
Favorita, La, Grand Opera In Four Acts By Gaetano Donizetti (libretto By Royer And Waetz) First Produced At Paris 2 Dec. 1840, The Same Year As The Production Of His 'la Fille Du Regiment) In Contrast With The Latter, It Was An Immediate Success, Though Time Has Since Reversed The ...
Fawcett
Fawcett, Henry, English Economist: B. Salisbury, 25 Aug. 1833; D. Cambridge, 6 Nov. 1884. He Was Educated At King's Col Lege School And At Cambridge University. In 1858 He Was Suddenly Deprived Of His Eyesight By An Accidental Shot From A Gun In His Father's Hand. This Misfortune Did Not ...
Fawkes
Fawkes, Filo, Guy, English Conspira Tor: B. York, England, 1570; D. Westminster, 31 Jan. 1606. He Was Of Protestant Parentage And Brought Up In That Faith, But Under The In Fluence Of His Stepfather, Dionis Baynbrigge, Be Came A Roman Catholic. He Enlisted In The Spanish Army In The Netherlands ...
Fazy
Fazy, Faze (jean) James, Swiss States Man: B. Geneva 1794; D. 1878. He Received His Education At The University Of Paris And De Voted Himself To A Close Study Of Political Econ Omy. In 1820 He Opposed The Restoration Of The Bourbons, Returned To Geneva In 1826 And Founded Le ...
Fcetus
Fcetus, Fetus, An Unborn Child, Or Unborn Young Of An Animal. In The Human Foetus The Growth Is Most Pronounced After The Fourth Month. The Convolutions Of The Brain, Dis Tinguishable Organs Of Sex, Ossification And Muscular Movement Advance In The Fifth Month, During Which Nails And Hair Appear. During ...
Fear
Fear, Apprehension Of Approaching Evil, Danger Or Harm; Solicitude, Dread, Terror. The Term Fear Is Also Used In The Sense Of Respect For And Obedience To Authority, Especially As These Take The Form Of Awe And Reverence To Ward The Supreme Being, With Due Regard To His Law And Word. ...
Feast
Feast, A Festival, Banquet, Solemnity, Holiday, Etc. Almost Every Religion Has Had Its Solemn Feast-days. The Ancient Greeks And Romans Had Them, As Well As The Jews And Modern Christians. According To The Old Tes Tament, Several Festivals Among The Ancient Jews Were Divinely Appointed, The First And Most An ...
Feathers
Feathers, Artificial. Artificial Feath Ers Have Long Been Made In The United States. It Is Probable That The Industry Was Brought Here By French Immigrants, Who Had Fled From Their Own Country. The Number Of French People Here Was Soon Increased By Those Who Had Come Hither From The Island ...
Federal Council Of Churches
Federal Council Of Churches, An Interdenominational Organization Composed Of Representatives Of The Various Protestant Denominations. In October 1894 °the Open And Institutional Church League Was Formed, And In The Years Immediately Following Held An Annual Conference Of Representatives Of Many Denomi Nations. Rev. Charles L. Thompson, Rev. E. B. Sanford ...
Federal Farm Loan Act
Federal Farm Loan Act, The. The Federal Farm Loan Act, Which Became A Law On 17 July 1916, Provides For The Issuance Of Farm Loan Bonds Through A Bureau In The De Partment Of The Treasury At Washington For Financing A Farm Mortgage System, Covering All Continental United States Except ...
Federal Government
Federal Government. Origin Of Federation.— The First Types Of Human Govern Ment Were Groups Of A Few People—a Family Or A Tribe. In The Course Of Time Larger Units Were Formed With A Single Government By Races And Regional Groups, Such As The King Doms Of Egypt And Assyria. The ...
Federal Trade Commission
Federal Trade Commission. This Commission Was Created By The Act Of 26 Sept. 1914, In Order To Provide More Expe Ditious Methods Of Compelling Observance Of The Anti-trust Laws Of The United States. Suits In Equity For Decrees To Dissolve Unlawful Combinations Were Long-drawn Out And Final Orders Enjoining Restraints ...
Federalist
Federalist, The (1787-88). When The Text Of The Constitution Was Published In New York, 27 Sept. 1787, The Opposition Was At First Overwhelming; The State Held Too Advan Tageous A Position, As General Gatekeeper Of The Commerce Of Her Neighbors And Able To Sup Port Herself By Levying Customs Duties ...
Federated Malay States
Federated Malay States, A Group Of Native States Of The Malay Peninsula, Comprising Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan And Pahang, Under British Protection. The Total Area Of The Federated States Is 27;506 Square Miles, Of Which Perak Has 7,800, Selangor 3,156, Negri Sembilan 2,250 And Pahang 14,000 Square Miles. Generally Speaking ...
Fedotov
Fedotov, Fi'd&-tor, Paul Andreievich, A Russian Painter Who Was Born At Moscow In 1815 And Died In 1852, Is With Good Reason Looked Upon As Practically The Founder Of The Russian "purpose Painting° School; But To The Circumstances Of His Life, Rather Than To Any Vigorous Creative Impulse Of His ...
Fee Tail
Fee Tail, An Estate Limited To A Certain Line Of Descent, To Certain Heirs Or To A Certain Class Of Heirs; Sometimes Known As A Condi Tional Fee. The. Definitions.— No Strictly Scientific Definition Of Feeble-mind Edness Is Possible In The Present Stage Of, Our Knowledge. The Condition Is Fairly ...
Feed Water Heaters
Feed-water Heaters Are Employed To Pre-heat The Feed Water Supplied To Steam Boilers, In Order To Save Fuel, Increase The Steaming Capacity Of The Boiler, Protect The Boiler Against Temperature Strains And To Elim Inate Scale-forming And Corrosive Impurities. For Each 11° F. That The Temperature Of The Water Is ...
Feeding Machine
Feeding Machine. By This Name Are Commonly Known The Machines Used To Au Tomatically Supply Printing-presses Or The Like With Paper Sheets. Printing Of A High Grade Is Not Done On The Great Web Printing Machines, Which Feed From A Roll Of Paper. Those Are Built For Speed, But For ...
Fehlings Solution
Fehling's Solution, A Solution Much Used By Chemists For The Detection And Estima Tion Of Glucose And Certain Other Sugars. In Its Preparation 34.64 Grams Of Pure Sulphate Of Copper Crystals Are Dissolved In 200 Grams Of Distilled Water,- And (separately) 173 Grams Of Crystallized Neutral Tartrate Of Sodium Are ...
Fehmic
Fehmic (fi'mik) Courts, Certain Tri Bunals, Which In The Middle Ages Wielded Tre Mendous Power In Westphalia And Other Parts Of Germany. Their Institution Has Been Traced Back To The Time Of Charlemagne. They Were Known As Free Courts From The Fact That All Free-born Men Were Eligible For Membership. ...
Feldspars
Feldspars, The Most Important Group Of Silicate Minerals. They Are Characterized By Monoclinic Or Closely Related Triclinic Crystal, Lization, The Frequent Occurrence Of Twin Crystals, Cleavage In Two Similar Directions In Clined At An Angle Of 90 Degrees Or Nearly 90 Degrees, A Hardness Of About 6, A Specific Gravity ...
Felibrige
Felibrige, Filebrezh', A Local Associa Tion Of Writers Of The South Of France Founded At The Chateau De Font-segugne, 21 May 1854 For The Purpose Of Promoting The Literary And Regional Use Of The Langue D'oc And Developing The Peculiar Life Of This Ancient Tongue. The First Article Of The ...
Felidie
Felidie, Fe'li-de, The Cat Family, Which Contains The Most Highly Developed Of The Order Carnivora. The Characters Of The Family Are The Possession Of A Slender, Extremely Flexible Body Of Great Muscular Power; The Limbs Five Toed, The Thumb Of The Anterior Limbs Not Reach Ing The Ground; The Skull ...
Fellenberg
Fellenberg, Philipp Emanuel Von, Fele') A-ma'noo-el Fon Fel'len B6rn, Swiss Edu Cational And Agricultural Reformer: B. Berne, 27 June 1771; D. Hofwyl, 21 Nov. 1844. The Years 1795-98 He Spent In Traveling Over France And Germany, Visiting In Preference The Vil Lages, And Chiefly Devoting His Attention To The Material, ...
Fellowship
Fellowship, An Institution Or Feature Of Ancient Origin In Certain European Univer Sities, But Of Recent Introduction In The Colleges And Universities Of The United States. In An English University The Fellowship Entitles The Holder, A Graduate, Who Generally Is Called A Fellow, To Participate In The Revenues Of A ...
Felsite
Felsite. As A Rock Name, Felsite Is Rather Indefinite, But Is A Very Convenient Name For Those Dense Fine-grained Igneous Rocks, Usually Gray But Often Red Or Green, That To The Naked Eye Show No Crystals Of Minerals. Fel Sites Generally Are Ancient Lavas Containing A High Per Cent Of ...
Felt
Felt, From Dutch Vitt, A Fabric Made From Wool, Or Wool And Hair, Or Fur, Without Weaving, By Rolling, Beating And Pressure, Generally With The Use Of Lees Or Size. The Process Of Felting Is Similar To That Of Fulling. The Fibres Of Fur, Hair Or Wool Are Rough In ...
Feminism
Feminism, From The French Feminism, Latin /mina, Woman: A Word Coined By The Younger Dumas In A Pamphlet Entitled (l'homme-femme' (1872) To Designate The So Called °rights Of Women) Movement. An Advo Cate Of This Movement Is Termed A Though It Must Be Pointed Out That The Definition, Whether Applied ...
Femur
Femur, Femur, The Large Bone Of The Thigh. The Femur Is The Chief Supporting Bone Of The Lower Limbs And Is In Man The Main Or Gan Of Locomotion, For The Larger Muscles Of The Thigh And Hip Are Attached To It. It Is The Largest And Longest Hone Of ...
Fence
Fence, A Structure Or Other Barrier Set To Fend Or Ward Off Trespassing Upon The Lands Enclosed. In Most Of The States The Common Law Does Not Demand Of An Owner Of Land That He Build A Fence Around It, But Does Require Of An Owner Of Cattle That He ...
Fencing
Fencing, The Art Of Attack And Defense, With Any Weapon Having Either A Point Or An Edge. In The General Acceptance Of The Word, It Means The Use Of The Sword Or Foil, Particu Larly The Latter. All Swords May Be Divided Into Two General Classes, Small Swords And Broadswords ...
Fenelon
Fenelon, Francois De Salignac De La Mothe, Fran-swa De Si-li-nyak De La Mot Fan-lon, French Missionary: B. 1641; D. 1679. He Was A Half-brother Of Archbishop Fenelon (q.v.). He Sailed For Quebec In 1667 In Re Sponse To Bishop Laval's Appeal For Missionary Reinforcements. He Was Ordained In The Fol ...
Fenians
Fenians, A Name Said To Be Derived From Fionn Or Finn, An Irish Hero Of The 2d Century, Assumed In Recent Times By Those Irish Who Formed A Brotherhood In Their Own And Other Countries, Which Aimed At Terminating English Rule In Ireland By Force Of Arms And The Establishment ...
Feoffment
Feoffment, In Law, A Grant Or Convey Ance Of A Freehold Or Fee In Lands; Also, The Deed Granting A Fee In Such Lands. It Was For A Considerable Period The Only Method By Which Freehold Land Could Be Alienated In England. It Was Accompanied Originally By A Ceremony In ...
Ferdinand
Ferdinand V (surnamed The Catho Lic), King Of Spain, Ii Of Aragon, V Of Cas Tile: B. Sos, Aragon, 19 March 1452; D. Madrigalejo, Spain, 23 Jan. 1516. On 18 Oct. 1469 He Married Isabella Of Castile (q.v.) And Thus Brought About A Close Connection Between Aragon And Castile, Although ...
Ferdinand I
Ferdinand I, King Of. Bulgaria: B. Vienna, 26 Feb. 1861. He Is The Youngest Son Of The Late Prince Augustus Of Saxe-coburg And Princess Clementine Of Bourbon-orleans, A Daughter Of Louis Philippe. He Received An Excellent Education And Showed A Marked Apti Tude For The Study Of Natural History. The ...
Ferdinand Ii
Ferdinand Ii, King Of The Two Sicilies: (((king Bomba") : B. Palermo, 10 Jan. 1810; D. Naples, 22 May 1859. He Succeeded His Father, Francis I, 8 Nov. 1830. The New Sovereign At First Made Some Concessions To His Subjects. He Married Maria Theresa, Daughter Of The Archduke Charles Of ...
Ferdinand Vii
Ferdinand Vii, King Of Spain: B. San Ildefonso, 13 Oct. 1784; D. Madrid, 29 Sept. 1833. He Was The Eldest Son Of Charles Iv. From The Earliest Years He Manifested A Strong Dislike To The Favorite Godoy, Who Ruled Both The King And Queen; And In 1807 Was Arrested As ...
Fermats Last Theorem
Fermat's Last Theorem, The Cele Brated Proposition That The Equation Xi) + Yn = Zn Cannot Be Satisfied By Integral Values Of X, Y And Z, And When N Is An Integer Greater Than 2. It Was Stated, Though Without Proof, By The French Mathematician Pierre De Fermat, About 250 ...
Fermentation
Fermentation (from Lat. Fermentare, From Fervere, To Boil), The Decomposition Of Complex Organic Material Into Substances Of Simpler Composition Under The Influence Of Nitrogenous Organic Subsances Called Ferments. The Meaning Of The Term Has Undergone Con Siderable Change At Different Times In Conse Quence Of The • Progress Of Chemistry ...
Fernando De Noronha
Fernando De N'oronha, Fer-nan'elo Di No-ron'ya, An Island Of Volcanic Origin, In The South Atlantic, Lat. 3° 50' S., Long. 32° 25' W., About 225 Miles East-northeast Of Cape Saint Roque, Belonging To Brazil ; Area, About 12 Square Miles. It Has A Rugged, Mountainous, Wooded Surface And Is Used ...
Ferns
Ferns And The Ferns Are Representatives Of An Extensive Branch Of The Plant World Technically Known As Pterido Phytes, Standing Between The Mosses And Hepatics (bryophytes) On The One Hand And The Cycads And Conifers (gymnosperms) On The Other, At The Head Of The Now Obsolete Subdivision Of Plants Known ...
Ferrara
Ferrara, City In Northern Italy, Capital Of The Province Of Ferrara, 30 Miles North Northeast Of Bologna, In A Fertile But Unhealth Ful Plain, At A Short Distance From The North Branch Of The Po. , It Is A Large And Well-built Town, With Spacious And Regular Streets, And Is ...
Ferrara Florence
Ferrara-florence, Council Of. Upon The Fall Of Salonika To The Turks In 1429 The Emperor John Palwologus Approached Mar Tin V, Eugene Iv And The Council Of Basle To Secure Help Against The Turks And To Convoke A Council For The Reunion Of The 'greek And Latin Churches, As The ...
Ferrari
Ferrari, Gaudenzio, Italian Painter: B. Valduggia, Piedmont, About 1480; D. Milan, 31 Jan. 1546. A Scholar Of Stefano Scotto, He Also Caught Some Inspiration From Perugino And Raphael. The Chief Characteristics Of His Style Are Correct And Vigorous Delineation, Strong But Often Hard Coloring, Considerable Power Of Invention And Skill ...
Ferrari_2
Ferrari, Giuseppe, Italian Philosopher And Historian: B. Milan, Italy, 7 March 1812; D. Rome, 1 July 1876. He Was Graduated At The University Of Pavia In 1831 And Became A Fol Lower Of The Philosophical Ideas Of Romagnosi And Vico. In 1835 He Brought Out A Complete Edition Of The ...
Ferrari_3
Ferrari, Paolo, Italian Dramatist: B. Modena, 5 April 1822; D. Milan, 9 March 1889. He Studied Law, But Became Interested In His Tory And Literature. As A Result He Began Writ Ing And In 1847 Produced His First Comedy, (bartolommeo It Calzolajo,' Later Called 'ii Codicillo Dello Zio Venanzio.) Of ...
Ferraris
Ferraris, Galileo, Italian Physicist And Electrician: B. Livorno, Piedmont, 31 Oct. 1847; D. Turin, 7 Feb. 1897. He Was Graduated At The University Of Turin In 1867 And In 1869 In Civil Engineering At The Royal School Of Engi Neering. On Being Appointed In 1879 Professor Of Physics In The ...
Ferrel
Ferrel, William, American Meteorolo Gist: B. Bedford County, Now Fulton County, Pa., 29 Jan. 1817; D. Maywood, Kansas, 18 Sept. 1891. He Was Graduated At Bethany College, Virginia, In 1844, And Early Attracted Attention By His Researches In Meteorology, Of Which Science He Was The First To Propound The Funda ...
Ferrero
Ferrero, Guglielmo, Italian Historian: B. Near Naples, 1872. He Is The Son Of A Rail Way Engineer, And Was Educated In The Law At Pisa And In Belles-lettres At The University Of Bologna. He Collaborated With Lombroso In 'la Donna Delinquente' (1893) And With Bianchi And Sighele Is Author Of ...
Ferry
Ferry, Fere, Gabriel, The Youscp, French Author, Dramatist And Novelist : B. Parts, 30 May 1846. He Is A Son Of Gabriel The Elder And Employs The Same Pseudonym. At First He Was Connected With A Bank, But Soon Followed In His Father's Footsteps And Devoted Himself To Literature. He ...
Ferry_2
Ferry, A Franchise Or Right To Maintain A Boat Upon A River Or Other Body Of Water And Carry People, Animals, Vehicles And Other Prop Erty Between Certain Places For A Reasonable Toll. It Is Considered To Be In The Nature Of A Public Highway Over The Water, And The ...
Fersen
Fersen, Hans Axel, Couwr Vow, Swedish Military Officer And Diplomat : B. Stockholm, Sweden, 4 Sept. 1755; D. There, 20 June 1810. He Came To America In 1780 On The Staff Of Rochambeau; Fought Under Lafayette And Re Ceived From Washington The Order Of The So Ciety Of The Cincinnati. ...
Fertilization In Plants
Fertilization In Plants. Fer Tilization Is Generally Defined As The Union Of Definitely Organized Male And Female Elements. This Definition Is Strictly Correct For Plants In Which The Uniting Elements Can Be Called Sperms And Eggs; But In Many Of The Lower Plants Algae And Fungi-- The Elements Which Unite ...
Fertilizers
Fertilizers. Any Substance Applied To The Soil To Aid The Growth Of Plant§ May Prop Erly Be Called A Fertilizer. The Name Has, However, Become Associated With A Class Of Materials Manufactured And Sold For This Pur Pose, The Handling Of Which Now Constitutes An Important Industry. The Constituents Of ...