Fire Flies
Fire-flies, Any Of Various Forms Of Noc Turnal Insects Belonging To Different Orders Hav Ing The Power Of Voluntary Self-luminosity, Usually More Or Less Intermittent And Exhibited In Flashes. After The Death Of The Insects The Luminous Segments, At Least In Many Forms, Can Be Distinguished By Their Paler Usually ...
Fire Insurance
Fire-insurance. Loss Through Fire Constitutes One Of The Great Hazards Confront Ing Society To-day, And The Scientific Conduct Of Business Requires That Some Organized Method For The Elimination Of This Risk Be Used By Property Owners. Three Methods Of Elimination May Be Employed, Viz.: (1) The Adoption Of Measures Designed ...
Fire Making
Fire-making, The Art Of Producing Fire. It Was Believed By The Ancients That Man Was Without Fire Till Prometheus Stole Some From The Chariot Of The Sun, But The Whole Story Has A Mythical Look. Plutarch Says That In His Time There Were Fireless Races Of Mankind, And The Geographer ...
Fire Marshal
Fire Marshal. The Concern Felt In Recent Years In The Matter Of Fire Prevention Has Found Concrete Expression In The Creation Of The Office Of State Fire Marshal In Two-thirds Of The States Of The Union And In Most Of The Provinces Of Canada. In The Leading Countries Of Europe ...
Fire Prevention
Fire Prevention Deals With The Avoidance Of Fires. In Its Usual Application The Term Has Reference Especially To The Safe Guarding Of Buildings And Their Contents From Destruction By Fire: It Applies As Pertinently To Preventing Fires In Mines, Forests, Etc., And Is Discussed In Those Connections Under Articles On ...
Fire Protection
Fire Protection. Statistics Relating To The Fire Waste Of America Present An Appall Ing Situation, And Justify The Oft-repeated Criticism That We, As A Nation, Exhibit In This Respect An Unusual Degree Of Carelessness And Irresponsibility. For 1917, According To The Report Of The National Board Of Fire Under Writers, ...
Fire Protection
Fire Protection Their Structural Or Tension Metal Members Properly Insulated Against Heat. They Are In Tended Chiefly For Dwellings, Apartments, Office Purposes Or Other Uses Which Do Not Involve The Presence Of Combustible Goods In Amounts So Large As To Produce Heat Sufficiently Great To Endanger The Iron Work. Such ...
Fire Salamander
Fire Salamander. See Salamander. Are Generally Old Vessels Filled With Combustibles, Fitted With Grappling Irons, To Hook Enemies' Ships And Set Them On Fire. If They Are Used On A River They Are Al Lowed To Be Carried Down By The Current, If They Are Used At Sea Advantage Is ...
Fireproof Construction
Fireproof Construction.* Fire Prevention And Fire Protection, Of Which Latter Fire-resisting Construction Is A Part, Are Two Divisions Of The Effort To Reduce The Danger And Waste Incident To Hostile Fire. The Immense Property Loss Alone From This Cause And The *the Text Cuts Are Reproduced From J. Ic. Preitag's ...
Fireproof Construction 251
Fireproof Construction 251 Tinctly Favorable, While Others, From The Stand Point Of Load-bearing Ability, Are Less Enthusi Astic. To A Considerable Degree Results De Pend Upon The Type Of Construction. There Should Also Be Mentioned The Combination Terra Cotta And Concrete Floor, On Which Little Data Under Actual Conditions Is ...
Firing Machines
Firing Machines, Blasting Batteries, Electric Blasting Machines Or Exploders Are Elec Tric Generators Which Are Used In Firing Charges Of Explosives. In Blastine. And In Military And Naval Operations. .broadly Speaking, There' Are Three Types: (1) In Which The Current Is In Duced In Coils Of Wire Surrounding The Poles ...
First Aid
First Aid, The Term Applied To A Plan For Popularizing The Knowledge Of Certain Simple Measures For The Relief Of The Injured And Dis Tressed. The Movement Began With The Forma Tion Of The Saint John's Ambulance Association, London, England, In 1877, And Was Shortly Fol Lowed By The Rise ...
First Century
First Century. The Most Important Series Of Events For All After History In The 1st Century Of Our Christian Era Are Those Con Vected With The Lord Jesus Christ. They Took Place Almost Without Any Inkling On The Part Of The Generation In Which They Occurred Ex Cept For The ...
First Footing
First-footing, A Scottish Custom Still Existing. Late In The Evening Of Hogmonay (31 December) In Each Year Thousands Of The Com Mon People Assemble In The Vicinity Of The Edinburgh Tron Church, To Ascertain On Good Evidence When The New Year Commences. When The Clock Is About To Strike 12 ...
Fischbach
Fischbach, Fish'biti, Friedrich, German Textile Designer: B. Aix-la-chapelle, 1839; D. 1908. He Received His Education At The Berlin Academy Of Industrial Design. In 1862 Be Re Moved To Vienna Where He Followed The Pro Fession Of Decorator And Designer. He Became Teacher Of Ornamentation At The Royal Acad Emy, Hanau, ...
Fischer
Fischer, Ernst Kuno, Berthold, German Historian Of Philosophy: B. Sande Walde, Silesia, 23 July 1824; D. Heidelberg, 5 July 1907. He Studied At The Universities Of Leipzig And Halle And In 1849 Became A Lec Turer On Philosophy At The University Of Hei Delberg. However, He Was Interdicted From Teaching ...
Fischer_2
Fischer, Joseph, German Clergyman And Cartographer: B. Quadrath, Rhein, Germany, 19 March 1858. He Was Educated At The Gymna Sium, Rhein, Westphalia, And The Universities Of Munster, Munich, Innsbruck And Vienna, Andjesuit Scholasticates In Holland, Austria And England. In L::1 He Entered The Society Of Jesus And Was Ordained To ...
Fish
Fish, Hamilton, American Diplomatist: B. New York, 3 Aug. 1808; D. Garrison, N. Y., 7 Sept. 1893. He Was The Son Of Nicholas Fish (q.v.). In 1827 He Was Graduated At•cohnnbia College, And Admitted To The Bar In 1830. A Whig In Politics, He Was Elected A Congressman In 1842, ...
Fish
Fish. In The Popular Sense A Fish Is A Cold Blooded, Chordate Or Vertebrate Animal, Adapted For Life In The Water, Breathing By If Of Gill Slits All Its Life, Having Its Limbs, F Present, De Veloped As Fins, Never As Fingers Or Toes. This Definition Excludes Invertebrates As Having ...
Fish Fly
Fish-fly, One Of The Aquatic Neuropter Ous Insects Of The Family Sialidee, And Especially Of The Genus Chauliodes, Represented By The Hellgrammite And Other Species Whose Crawling Larvw Are Useful As Fish-bait. See Corydalis. Or Osprey. This Almost Cosmopolitan Bird Is Known Throughout North America As The "fish-hawk,° Never In ...
Fisher
Fisher, John, English Prelate: B. Bev Erley, Yorkshire, 1459; D. London, 22 June 1535. He Was Educated At Michaelmas College, Cam Bridge, Graduating In 1487. In 1501 He Was Made Vice-chancellor Of The University Of Cam Bridge (chancellor 1504), And In 1503 Became The First Margaret Professor Of Divinity At ...
Fisheries
Fisheries, A Term Which Includes The Taking Of All Kinds Of Water Products As A Business And Thus Applies To The Pursuit Of . Whales, Seals, Otters And Other Mammals; To The Hunting Of Frogs, Turtles And Alligators; To The Taking Of Oysters, Clams, Lobsters, Crabs, Shrimp And Other Shellfish; ...
Fisheries Question
Fisheries Question. The Pro Inces Of British North America In 1760-76 6 Joyed Mutual Fishing Rights On The Entire Nod Atlantic Coast, But When The Revolution Severe: Canada From The Rest Of The Seaboard, Gra Britain Proposed To Deny The United States Di Right To Fish There, On The Ground ...
Fishermen
Fishermen, The. The Fishermen' (rubaki), Dmitri Vasilyevitch Grigorovitch, Is A Story Of Life Among The Peasants Of Northern Tula, Where The Broad River Oka Flows Through A Level Country To Empty Into The Volga At Nizhni Novgorod. These Peasants Get Their Living By Fishing. Grigorovitch, Like Most Rus Sian Writers, ...
Fishers Hill
Fisher's Hill, Battle Of. General Early Was Defeated At The Battle Of The Opequon, Va., 19 Sept. 1864, And Retreated During The Night 20 Miles Up The Shenandoah Valley To Fisher's Hill, Two Miles South Of Strasburg, Va. General Sheridan Followed At Daylight Of The 20th Up The Valley Pike, ...
Fishes
Fishes, Geographical Distribution Of. The Laws Governing The Distribution Of Animals Are Reducible To Three Very Simple Propositions. Each Species Of Animal Is Found In Every Part Of The Earth Having Conditions Suitable For Its Maintenance, Unless: (a) Its Individuals Have Been Unable To Reach This Region Through -barriers Of ...
Fishing Tackle
Fishing Tackle, The Equipment — Rod, Line, Hooks, Flies, Etc., With Which The Angler Provides Himself For The Sport Of Fish Ing. So Much Of The Success And Enjoyment Of This Sport Depends Upon The Tackle That The Selection Of An Appropnate And Adequate Out Fit Is A Matter Of ...
Fisk
Fisk, Clinton Bowen, American Poli Tician: B. Clapp's Corners, Now Greigsville, Livingston County, N. Y., 8 Dec. 1828; Of. New York, 9 July 1890. Early In Life He Removed With His Parents To Michigan Where He Grew Up And Became A Successful Merchant And Banker. As A Result Of The ...
Fiske
Fiske, John (originally Edmund Fiske Green), American Historian And Philosopher: B. Hartford, Conn., 30 March 1842.; D. Glouces Ter, Mass., 4 July 1901. In 1855 He Assumed The Name Of His Maternal Great-grandfather, John Fiske, Of Middletown, Conn. In 1863 He Was Graduated From Harvard, In 1865 From The Har ...
Fitch
Fitch, John, American Inventor: B. East Windsor, Conn., 21 Jan. 1743; D. Bardstown, Ky., 2 July 1798. He Had Few Educational Op Portunities And At The Age Of 17 Went To Sea For A Short Time. Later He Worked As Clockmaker, Brassfounder And Silversmith. At The Outbreak Of The Revolution ...
Fitch_2
Fitch, Ralph, English Merchant And Voy Ager Of The 16th Century. He Dealt In Eastern Goods, And, Excited By The Narratives Of . Drake And Other Voyagers, Persuaded John Newberie And Others To Join Him In An Expedition To The East By Way Of The Mediterranean. The Ad Venturers Set ...
Fitzgerald
Fitzgerald, Edward, English Poet And Translator: B. Near Woodbridge, Suffolk, 31 March 1809; D. Merton, Norfolk, 14 June 1883. At 17 He Entered Trinity College, Cambridge, Where He Graduated In 1830. At School And College He Formed Several Lifelong Friendships With Men Who Afterward Became Celebrated In Different Spheres, Among ...
Fitzgerald_2
Fitzgerald, James Newbury, Amer Ican Methodist Bishop: B. Newark, N. J., 27 July 1837; D. Hong Kong, China, 3 April 1907. He Studied Law And Was Admitted To The New Jersey Bar In 1858, But In 1862 Entered The Methodist Ministry. He Was Recording Secre Tary Of The Missionary Society ...
Fitzherbert
Fitzherbert, Maria Anne (smythe), Morganatic Wife Of King George Iv Of. Eng Land; B. Brambridge, England, 26 July 1756; D. Brighton, England, 27 March 1837. Her First Husband Was Edward Weld, To Whom She Was Married In 1775. He Died Within A Year And She Was Married To Thomas Fitzherbert ...
Fitzsimmons
Fitzsimmons, Robert, Australian American Pugilist: B. Helston, Cornwall, 4 June 1862; D. Chicago, — Oct. 1917. At The Age Of Nine He Migrated With His Parents To New Zealand, And Was Settled As A Blacksmith At Timaru When Jem Mace Promoted A Local Heavyweight Competition, Which Fitzsimmons Won. Within A ...
Fiume
Fiume, Fe-oo'me, Austria-hungary, Royal Free Town•and Seaport, Geographically A Part Of Croatia, But Forming, Together With Its Adjoining Territory, Since 1870, A Political Division Of The Kingdom. It Is Picturesquely Situated At The Head Of The Bay Of Quarnero, An Inlet Of The Adriatic, And Is About 40 Miles Southeast ...
Five Forks
Five Forks, Battle Of. At The Close Of The Battle Of Dinwiddie Court House, 31 March 1865, General Sheridan Was Holding A Position In Front Of The Place, General Pickett, With In Fantry And Cavalry, Confronting Him. At 12 P.m. Pickett, Threatened By Warren's Fifth Corps On His Left, Ordered ...
Five Points
Five Points, New York, A Locality Be Tween Centre And Worth Streets And Park Street. At One Time It Was Noted As A Resort For Crim Inals And °hard Cases." Under The Auspices Of The Ladies' Home Missionary Society Of The Methodist Episcopal Church, The Late Rev. L. M. Pease ...
Fixtures
Fixtures, In American And English Law, Chattels So Attached To The Freehold As To Con Stitute, In Legal Contemplation, A Part Of It. The Harshness Of The Common Law Favoring The Freeholder In This Matter Has Been Much Modified In Late Years By Statutes And By De Cisions Of The ...
Flaccus
Flaccus, Caius Valerius, Ica'yus Leri-us Flak'us, Roman Poet Of The Latter Half Of The 1st Century. Very Little Is Known About Him Definitely, Except That He Died About 90 A.d. In Which Year Quintilian Laments His Recent Death. Some Authorities Add Setinus Balbus To His Name, But It Is Doubtful ...
Flag
Flag, A Strip Of 'cloth Of A Light Fabric, Varying In Form And Color, Frequently Bearing Some Emblematic Design, And Ordinarily Fixed By One End To A Staff, Pole, Rope, Etc., While The Other Is Allowed To Fly Free. The Length Of A Flag From The Part Near The Staff ...
Flag Day
Flag Day. The 100th Anniversary Of The Birth Of The Afnerican Flag Was On 14 June 1877, The Continental Congress Having Adopted The Stars And Stripes On 14 June 1777, And The Government At Washington Requested That All Public Buildings Float The Flag In Honor Of The Day. A Like ...
Flagellants
Flagellants, Flaj'e-lants (lat. Flagel Lore, To Lash Or Scourge), A Sect Which Arose In 1260 At Perugia, Called By The French Perouse, And Spread Throughout And Beyond Italy. Its Adherents, Said To Have Numbered 10,000, At Tempted To Expiate Their Sins And Obtain Mercy By Self-inflicted Suffering. They Ran Through ...
Flagellata
Flagellata, A Group Of Protozoa, Sometimes Regarded As A Division Of The Class Infusoria, Sometimes As A Distinct Class By Itself. The Group Is Characterized By Having A Body Wild Fanaticism And By Strange Doctrines Which Were Condemned By The Council Of Constance. The Burning Alive Of Their Leader, Conrad ...
Flagellation
Flagellation, Scourging Or Whipping, Either Self-inflicted Or Administered By Another Person, Especially As A Religious Practice. Orig Inally It Was Usedprimarily As A Corrective Pen Alty For Clerics. Its Use Spread With The Grad Ual Growth Of Monastic Institutions. Its Ap Plication As A Means Of Religious Penance Is An ...
Flageolet
Flageolet, Wo-let, A Small Wind-in Strument, The Notes Of Which Are Exceedingly Clear And Shrill. It Is A Sort Of Whistle With A Mouth-piece That Is Usually Inserted In A Bulb. In Appearance, Etc., It May Be Said To Belong To The Flute Family Of Musical Instruments; But It Is ...
Flags
Flags, Confederate. Early In The Ca Reer Of Secession Designs For Flags Were Of Fered To The Confederate Congress. Devices Were Sent In Daily And A Mass Of Ideas Was Col Lected, Illustrating A Still Lingering Love For The United States Flag, While Most Of Them Were Radical Departures From ...
Flags Of Foreign Nations
Flags Of Foreign Nations. It Is But Proper That In The Study Of Flags Those Of Foreign Nations Be Considered: The English From Which We 'withdrew, As Well The French, From Whence We Derived Considerable Aid, De Serve To Be Treated At Some Length; While The Neighboring Flags Of The ...
Flame
Flame, The Phenomenon Exhibited When Gas Or A Gaseous Mixture Is Actively Undergoing Combustion. Solid Bodies (such As Coke) Which Do Not Contain Inflammable Volatile Constituents, That Is, Constituents Which Become Gaseous And Ignite Upon The Application Of Heat, Become In Candescent When They Burn, But Their Combus Tion Is ...
Flamen
Flamen, Fia.'men, A Priest Of Ancient Rome Consecrated To The Service Of A Particular Divin Ity. They Are Said To Have Been Established By Numa And Were At First Three In Number: Flamen Dialis, The Priest Of Jupiter; Flamen Martialis, The Priest Of Mars, And Flamen Quirinalis, The Priest Of ...
Flameng
Flameng, Francois, Fraii-swa Fla-man, French Painter: B. Paris, 1856. He Began His Art Studies Under His Father, Leopold Flameng (q.v.), The Engraver, And Studied Subsequently Under Cabanel, Hedouin And Jean Paul Laurens. In 1879, After Winning The Prix De Salon, He Went To Italy For Further Study. In 1899 He ...
Flamingo
Flamingo, Fla-min'go, A Peculiar Web Footed Bird Of The Group Phcenicopteri, Which May Be Regarded As Intermediate Between The Storks And The Ducks, The Long Legs And Necks Giving It A Resemblance To The Former, While The Webbed Feet Connect It With The Latter. There Are Six Species Of True ...
Flammarion
Flammarion, Camille, Re-on, French Writer On Astronomy: B. Montigny Le-roi, Haute-marne, 26 Feb. 1842. In 1858 He Entered The Paris Observatory As Pupil, Being Transferred In 1862 To The Bureau Des Longi Tudes, Where He Remained Till 1866. Although Still A Youth, He Had Already Published The First Of His ...
Flanders
Flanders (french, Flandre; German And Flemish, Flandern; Dutch, Vlaandtren), A Former Country Or District Of Europe, Now In Cluded In The Holland Province Of Zeeland, The Belgian Provinces Of East And West Flanders, And French Flanders, Comprising The Depart Ments Of The Nord And Ardennes. It Stretched From The Schelde, ...
Flanders_2
Flanders, East (fr. Flandre Orien Tate), A Province Of Belgium, Bounded North By Holland, East By The Provinces Of Antwerp And Brabant, South By Hainaut, And West By West Flanders; Length, North To South, 34 Miles; Central Breadth, East To West, 32 Miles; Area, 1,158 Square Miles. The Surface Forms ...
Flandrin
Flandrin, Jean Hippolyte, Zhoil Let Flan-dean, French Historical And Portrait Painter: B. Lyons, 23 May 1809; D. Rome, Italy, 21 March 1864. He Worked Under Ingres, And From Him He Imbibed That Love Of Severe And Definite Form And That Classical Feeling Which He Used For His Own Ends In ...
Flatfish
Flatfish, A Fish Of The Heteromomata, Including The Families Pleuronectidee And So Leida, Which Are Characterized By Their Greatly Compressed Form, Distorted Skulls And The Habit Of Lying And Moving On The Side. They Are Somewhat Related To The Cod Family, And Inhabit The Seas Of All Parts Of The ...
Flaubert
Flaubert, Gustave, French Novelist: B. Rouen, France, 12 Dec. 1821; D. Rouen, 8 May 1880. He Was The Son Of A House Surgeon At The Hotel-dieu. From His Earliest Childhood Literature Was His Absorbing Passion. At The Age Of 10 Or 11, He Wrote Scenarios Of Plays Of Which Nothing ...
Flaxseed
Flaxseed, The Seed Of The Flax Plant (linum) Largely Used For Domestic And Medicinal Purposes, Produced In Large Quantities In The South Of Europe, Egypt, Parts Of Asia And In The United States. (for A Detailed Description Of The Plant See And For Its Commercial Qualities Other Than Seed, See ...