Fleas
Fleas, Minute Wingless Insects With Bodies Covered By A Strong Armor Of Fine Scaly Plates And Mouth-parts Formed For Sucking. They Constitute The Order Siphonaptera And Are Re Lated To The Diptera. Everyone Is Familiar With These Troublesome Parasites Of Man And Domestic Animals, But Few Persons Have Studied Them ...
Fleet Street
Fleet Street, London, One Of London's Historic Highways. It Derives Its Name From The Fleet River (q.v.). It Extends From Lud Gate Hill To Temple Bar At The East End Of The Strand. As Early As The 13th Century It Seems To Have Been Known As Fleet Bridge Street And ...
Fleming
Fleming, John, American Clergyman And Missionary: B. Muffin County, Pa., 12 April 1806; D. Ayr, Neb., October 1894. He Was Edu Cated At Jefferson College And Nenv Jersey Col Lege, Was Graduated From The Latter In 1829, And From Princeton Theological Seminary, In 1832. He Was Ordained To The Ministry ...
Flemish Language And Liter
Flemish Language And Liter Ature. Vliimisch Or Duytsch, The Low Ger Man Vernacular Spoken By The Vlamingen Or Flemings Inhabiting The Belgian Provinces Of East And West Flanders, Parts Of Holland And The French Department Of Nord, Is Akin To The Frisian And To The Hollandish Or Dutch Which Is ...
Flesh
Flesh. The Softer Tissues Of The Animal 3dy, As The Muscle And Fat, But Excluding The Uids, Bones, Skin And Hair. Viewed As Food, Is Composed Of The Proteids, Myosin, Musclin, Yoglobulin And Myo-albumin, Together With Zrying Amounts Of Fats, Salts And Nitrogenous Etractive Substances, And About 75 Per Cent ...
Fletcher
Fletcher, Andrew, Of Saltoun, Scot Tish Political Writer And Patriot: B. Saltoun, Haddingtonshire, 1655; D. London, September 1716. His Tutor Was Gilbert Burnet, Afterward Bishop Of Salisbury, Then Minister Of Saltoun. In 1681 He Entered Upon His Public Career. Having Been Prominent In Opposition To The Oppressive Measures Of Lauderdale ...
Flett
Flett, John Smith, British Geologist: B. Kirkwall, Oricney, 1869. He Was Educated At Kirkwall Burgh School, George Watson's Col Lege And The University Of. Edinburgh. He Be Came Assistant To Prof. James Geikie And Lec Turer In Petrology In Edinburgh University. He Joined The British Geological Survey In 1900 Becoming ...
Flies
Flies, Two-winged Insects Of The Order Diptera (q.v.), Whose Larva Are Legless, Soft And Cruciform And Are Termed "maggots." The Group Is World-wide In Its Distribution, And Probably Quite As Numerous As Either The Beetles Or The Group Of Wasps, Bees, Ants, Etc. It Is Now Known To Contain About ...
Flight
Flight. Flight Stridtly Speaking, Is-prog Ress. Through The Air In Any Desired Direction By Any Agent Or Object Heavier Than The Air, Opposed To The• Floating Of An Object Lighter Than Tile Air, Such As A Balloon. Animals Accomplish Flight Mainly By Means Of Wings, Which May Be Special Organs ...
Flint
Flint, Austin, American Physician, Far, The Preceding: B. Northampton, 1836; D. New York, 23 Sept. 1915. He Graduated From The Jefferson Medical Co Philadelphia 1857. For The Two Years Follor. He Combined The Duties Of Editor Of The Medical Journal, Surgeon Of Buffalo City 11'1' Filial And Professor Of Physiology ...
Floating Islands
Floating Islands, Islands Formed Either•by The Aggregation Of Driftwood In Rivers And The Deposition Thereon Of Soil And Vege Table Matter, Or By The Detachment Of Portions Of A River Bank Or Lake Shore. Tall Trees Are Sometimes Seen Standing Erect On Such Islands As They Are Carried Down By ...
Floats 1
Floats. (1) In Angling, The Quill Or Cork From Which The Bait Line Is Suspended, And Whose Motion Indicates The Bite Of A Fish. (2) An Inflated Bag Or Pillow To Sustain A Person In The Water. (3) The Small Piece Of Ivory On The Surface Of The Mercury In ...
Flogging
Flogging, The Infliction Of Stripes Or Blows With A Whip, Lash Or Scourge, Especially As A Judicial Punishment. In Britain It Long Existed As A Punishment In The Army And Navy; But It Was Totally Abolished In The Former In 1881, And In The Latter It Is Practically Extinct. It ...
Flood
Flood, Henry, Irish Orator And Poli Tician: B. Near Kilkenny 1732; D. Fartnley, County Kilkenny, Ireland 2 Dec. 1791. He Was Educated At Trinity College, Dublin, And Christ Church, Oxford, Entered The Irish Par Liament In 1759 And Soon Became The Most Prominent And Eloquent Member Of Theular Opposition. He ...
Floods And Inundations
Floods And Inundations Are Caused By Excessive Rains, Giving Rise To An Overflow Of The Rivers; By The Bursting Of The Banks Of Rivers, Lakes And Reservoirs; By The Sudden Melting Of Ice And Snow; And By Ir Ruptions Of The Sea, Produced By High Tides, Wind-storms Driving The Sea-water ...
Floor 1
Floor. (1) Ht Architecture And Building, The Lower Surface Of The Different Levels Of A Structure; The Material On Which One Stands And Walks And That Bears The Furniture. By Extension The Entire Story, As A First-floor Apart Ment. The Most Common Material For Floor Ing Is Wood, Made In ...
Florence
Florence (italian, Firenze; Latin, Floe A Flower, And Florere, To Bloom, Etc.), Italy, Metropolis Of Tuscany, Capital Of The Province Also Called Florence. It Is Exceeded In Number Of Inhabitants By Six Of The Other Italian Cities; In Distinction And Interest, However, It Is Sur Passed By Rome Alone. Situation ...
Floriculture In
Floriculture In America.— Growing Flowers As A Business Was Unknown In America Previous To About 1825; And, Indeed As Late As 50 Years Ago It Was Impossible To Buy Cut Flowers In Some Of Our Leading Cities. Owing To The Increase Of Population Of The Eastern Cities, And Consequent Increase ...
Florida
Florida, University Of, Located At Gainesville, Fla., Dates From 6 July 1905 When The State Board Of Education And The Board Of Control In Joint Session, Acting Under Powers Conferred By The Legislature, Co-ordinated Pre Vious State Efforts At Higher Instruction And Or Ganized The Florida Female College At Talla ...
Florida
Florida (sp. °flowery,'" A Name Given To The Country By Juan Ponce De Leon Because He Discovered It On Easter Day, Sp. Pascua Florida Or De Fibres, •flowery Easter,° Or, Ac Cording To Some Authorities, On Account Of The Exuberance Of Flowers Which He Saw), The Southeasternmost State Of The ...
Flotation Process In Metal
Flotation Process In Metal Mining, The. Flotation Is A Metallurgic Process In Which Valuable Metallic Minerals Are Extracted From Ores By Methods That Cause The Mineral Particles Of The Pule To Float. A Pulp Is A Mixture Of Finely Crushed Ore And Water. It Has Been Assumed That This New ...
Flour
Flour, Wheat, A Finely Ground And Bolted Product Used For Food. Ordinary White Or Bread Flour, Of Which There Are A Number Of Grades, Is Composed Of The Interior Portion Of The Wheat Kernel Subjected To Processes Of Pulverization And Purification. In The Prepara Tion Of White Flour Either The ...
Flour Milling
Flour Milling, American. Flour Milling Is Of Two Kinds; One The Primitive, Small Industry That Supplies A Natural Local Demand; The Other A Commercial Enterprise, Which Goes Into The Open Markets For Its Raw Material And Disposes Of Its Product In The Markets Of The World. One Dates From The ...
Flour And Meal Insects
Flour And Meal Insects. Various Forms Of Small Whitish Caterpillars And Darker Colored "worms') Are Commonly Found In Flour And Meal And Manufactured Products Of Different Kinds. The Most Prominent Of These Is The Mediterranean Flour Moth (ephestia Kuehniella), Which Has Been Termed A Veritable Scourge In Flouring-mills. It Was ...
Flower
Flower, That Portion Of The Anthophytous Plant Which Consists Of The Organs Of Sexual Reproduction, With The Accompanying Envelopes, If Present. Popularly This Term Is Applied Only When One Or Both Sets Of Floral Envelopes Are Conspicuous, Or Even To Showy Groups Of Flowers. The Flower Consists Of An Axis, ...
Flowers
Flowers, Artificial, Flowers Made From Various Materials To Imitate Natural Blossoms. These Are Not A Modern Invention. The Famous Floral Wreaths Made By The Ancient Egyptians Were Formed From Thin Plates Of Horn Stained In Different Colors, Sometimes Also Of Leaves Of Copper, Gilt Or Silvered Over. The Romans Ex ...
Flowers And Insects
Flowers And Insects: Their Re Lations. The Lower Plants Are Dependent Upon Water For The Accomplishment Of Fertilization In The Course Of Their Sexual Reproduction. They Possess Nothing In The Nature Of Flowers And Are Independent Of Insects. It Is Impos Sible Now To Determine Whether The First Plants With ...
Flowers_2
Flowers, Fertilization Of, By Birds.— That Insects And Especially Bees, Carry Pollen From Flower To Flower As They Visit Them In Succession In Search Of The Nectar Hidden Deeply In Their Corollas, Is Familiarly Known To Most Readers. The Insects Entering A Flower Bitish Against The Anthers, Rub Off The ...
Flowers_3
Flowers, Symbolism Of, A Special Sig Nificance Attached To Flowers By Means Of Which They Are Made To Represent Various Ideas And Sentiments. This Mode Of Communicating Thought Has Developed In Certain Countries Into A Language Of Remarkable Elaboration. Among The Greeks And Romans The Use Of Flowers Was Full ...
Floyd
Floyd, John Buchanan, American States Man: B. Smithfield, Montgomery County, Va., 1 June 1807; D. Near Abingdon, Va., 26 Aug. 1863. He Was Educated At Columbia College. South Carolina, Graduating In 1829; Studied Law And Settled In Southwest Virginia; Was A Member Of The Virginia Legislature Several Terms And Was ...
Fluorescence
Fluorescence, That Property Of Cer Tain Bodies In Virtue Of Which They Become Self Luminous When Exposed To Light Of Certain Wave Lengths. All Bodies Reflect A Part Of The Incident But Fluorescence Is More Than A Mere Re Flection, As May Best Be Shown By An Example. °canary Glass' ...
Fluorine
Fluorine, A Gaseous, Non-metallic Ele Ment, Possessing Properties Resembling Those Of Chlorine, And Exhibiting Powerful Chemical Ac Tivity. It Occurs In Nature Widely But Sparingly, And Always In Combination, Notably In The Minerals Fluorite And Cryolite, From The Former Of Which It Takes Its Name. It Is Found In The ...
Flushing
Flushing (dutch Vlissingen), A Forti Fied Seaport With A Rich Medimval History, On The Island Of Walcheren In The Province Of Zee Land. Formerly A Naval Station, It Has Been Since 1867, Through Canal, Railway And Steamer, Made A Centre Of Commerce And Manufactures And The Terminal Of The Steamer ...
Flute And Violin
Flute And Violin. In 1891 James Lane Allen's 'flute And Violin,' With Its Sub Title 'other Kentucky Tales And Romances,' Indicated A New Departure In Southern Litera Ture. In A Sense The Was Continuing The Work Of Portraying Various Aspects Of Southern Life And Scenery Begun By George W. Cable, ...
Fluxion
Fluxion, Fluk'shon, (1) In Medicine, An Unnatural Flow Or Determination Of Blood Or Other Humor Toward Any Organ; A Catarrh. (2) In Mathematics, A Method Of Calculation Resulting From The Operation Of Fluents, Or Flow Ing Numbers. Thus A Mathematical Line May Be Considered As Produced By The Fluxion Or ...
Flycatcher
Flycatcher, One Of Many Birds Which Catch Insects In The Air. More Restrictedly, In Ornithology, Birds Of The Old World Insectivo Rous Family Muscicapide, Allied To The Thrushes; This Is A Group Very Difficult To Limit Or Define. All These Are Small, Active Birds, With Great Activity In Flight And ...
Flying Dutchman
Flying Dutchman, The. A Ro Mantic Opera In Three Acts By Richard Wagner, Who Also Wrote The Hook, First Produced At Dresden, 2 Jan. 1843, Under The Baton Of The Composer And With Mme. Schroeder-devrient As Senta. Although Measured By Italian Opera Standards, Wagner May Not Have Been An Ex ...
Flying Squirrel
Flying Squirrel, A Tree-dwelling Squirrel Having The Skin Along The Sides Of The Body Between The Fore And Hind Legs Loose And Capable Of Being Drawn Out By Extending The Legs, So As To Form A Parachute, Enabling The Animal To Take Long, Sailing Leaps. The Fur Is Peculiarly Soft ...
Flywheel
Flywheel, A Wheel Designed To Pre Serve Or Store Momentum, As In A Machine Which Is Called Upon To Do Considerable Work Set At Intervals. It Is Always Made With A Heavy Rim, And As It Acquires Speed Its Inertia Assists Its Maintaining That Speed, So That Any Sudden Demand ...
Foch
Foch, Fosh', Ferdinand, French Marshal, "the Hero Of The Marne": B. Tarbes, Department Hautes-pyrenees, 2 Oct. 1851, Within A Few Miles Of, And Only Three Months Before His Illustrious Colleague, Marshal Joffre. Of Basque Descent, His Father, Napoleon Foch, Was A Civil Servant Under Napoleon Iii. One Of His Broth ...
Fodder A S
Fodder (a. S. F6dor, Cog. With Ger. Tuner), The Food Collected By Man For The Use Of The Domestic Herbivorous Quadrupeds. English The Term Is Commonly Res Tricto To Dried Herbage, As Hay And Straw ; But In Other Languages It Is More Comprehensive, And In Cludes All The Food ...
Folding Machines
Folding Machines. The Folding Of Printed Sheets For Books Or Newspapers Was Performed By Hand Up To 1856, When Cyrus Chambers, Jr., Of Philadelphia, Invented A Prac Tical Folding Machine, Which Was Manufactured By Him And His Brother Edwin, Who Within A Few Years Produced A Considerable Line Of Folders ...
Folds
Folds, A Term Applied To Bends Or Flexures In The Rocks Of The Earth's Crust. They Vary From A Few Inches Across To Structures Many Miles In Extent. Up-arches From Which Rocks Dip Outward In Both Directions Are Known As Anticlines. Down Folds, Or Toward The Centre Of Which Beds ...
Folk Lore
Folk-lore, The Science Which Embraces All That Relates To Ancient Observances And Cus Toms, To The Notions, Beliefs, Traditions, Super Stitions And Prejudices Of The Common People. Gomme's Divisions Are (1) Traditional Nar Ratives: (a) Folk-tales, (b) Hero Tales, (c) Ballads And Songs, (d) Place Legends; (2) Traditional Customs: (a) ...
Folk Moot
Folk-moot (anglo-saxon Folcgemote Or Folcmot), The Old English Parliament Of The Shire Or Of The Townships The Meeting Of The People To Discuss And Decide On Public Af Fairs. Its Guiding Principle Was The Common Law Of England, Called The Folc-riht, Public Right, Of Pre-norman Times. There Was Never In ...
Folk Tales And Myths Of
Folk-tales And Myths Of The American Indians. Creation Myths.— When Primitive Man Began To Reason About Himself And The World Around Him, Among The First Questions He Was Bound To Ask Himself Were How He Came To Be Upon The Earth And What Was The Origin Of The Earth Itself ...
Fonblanque
Fonblanque, Fofibline, Albany Wil Liam, English Journalist : B. London, 1793; D. 1872. At The Age Of 14 He Was Sent To Woolwich To Prepare For The Royal Engineers, His Health Failing, His Studies Were Suspended For Two Years, And He Then Studied Law. In 1812, How Ever, He Began ...
Fontainebleau
Fontainebleau, Fii-tan-bler, France, Town Of Northern France, In The Department Of Seine-et-marne, And In The Midst Of The Forest Of Same Name, About Two Miles From The Left Bank Of The Seine, And 37 Miles East Of Paris. It Is Well Built, Partly Of Stone And Partly Of Brick, With ...
Fontane
Fontane, Theodor, German Novelist: Neuruppin, Prussia, 30 Dec. 1819; D. Berlin, } Sept. 1898. He Was Of French Huguenot Escent, But Few Writers Have Limited Them Ayes With Such Affectionate Single-mindedness ) Subjects Connected With German Life. He Repared At First For The Career Of An Apothe Iry, Hoping To ...
Food
Food. Commonly Speaking, Foods Those Substances Eaten Or Drunk' For The Ing Up And Maintenance Of The Human Boa' And To Supply Enerari For Its Activities. In More Exact Scientific Sense, Only Those Uents Of The Foods Consumed Which Are Atm_ Assimilated Are Considered Foods : The No Assimilable Constituents ...
Food
Food, Adulteration Of. The First Pro Tective Food Law On Record Was English And Bears Date Of 1203. It Was Designed To Restrain Dishonest British Bakers From Preying Upon The Public. A Few Years Later Butchers, Brewers And Wine Makers Were Added To Those Needing Legal Restraint Against Fraudulent Adulterations. ...
Food Control Law
Food Control Law. The Much' Creased Demand For Food From Abroad T Suit Of The Great War Made It Imperathe The United States, Upon Its Entry Into The It To Safeguard Its Vast Food Supplies, That Tb.2 Might Be Sufficient To Provide Not Only For Home Consumption And For Our ...
Food Preservation
Food Preservation In A Technical Sense Relates To The Processes Adopted For The Preservation Of Organic Substances Used As Food, Either Animal Or Vegetable. It Is.gener Ally Understood That The "spoiling° Of Foods And Food Materials Is Due To The Activities Of Bacteria, And The Various Preservative Processes Are Therefore ...
Food Of Plants
Food Of Plants. See Plant Foods. A Form Of Poison Ing From Food, Which In Times Past Was Thought To Be Extremely Common, But' At The Present Time Is Known To Occur 'but Rarely. One Of The Most Important Features In Food-poisoning Is Individual Idiosyncrasy. It Is Well Known That ...
Foods
Foods, Recent Legislation Respecting. The Food And Drugs Act Of 30 June 1906 Commonly Called The "pure Food Law)) Went Into Effect 1 Jan. 1907. It Forbids The Importa Tion Into The United States, The Exportation From The United States, The Introduction Into Interstate Commerce And The Manufacture And Sale ...