Fools
Fools, Feast Of. Festivals Under This Name Were Regularly Celebrated, From The 5th To The 16th Century, In Several Countries Of Europe, By The Clergy And Laity, With The Most Absurd Ceremonies, And Form One Of The Strangest Phenomena In The History Of Man Kind. Among The Heathen Festivals Which ...
Foot
Foot. The Lower End Of The Leg That Rests On The Ground. In The Human Foot The Bony Structure Is Made Up Of Three Divisions, The Tarsus, Metatarsus And Phalanges. Seven Bones Form The Tarsus; The Os Calcis Or Heel Bone, The Largest And Strongest Of All, Carries The Principal ...
Football In America
Football In America, As In Eng Land, Is Of Different Varieties, But By Far The Most Prominent Is The Game Played In The Col Leges. This Type ,is The Outgrowth Of The Eng Lish Rugby And Still Possesses Points Of Similar Ity To The Game From Which It Was Derived. ...
Foraker
Foraker, Joseph Benson, American Tatesman: B. On Farm Near Rainsboro, High And County, Ohio, 5 July 1846; D. Cincinnati, 0 May 1917. He Pursued His Education On Hrough Various Ohio Institutions And In 1862 Nlisted As A Private In A Company, Eighty Unth Regiment, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, And Served Until ...
Foraminifera
Foraminifera, An Order Of Animals In The Phylum Protozoa And The Class Rhizopoda. The Body Is Contained Within A Calcareous Test Or Shell, Which Is Many Chambered. It May Be Cylindrical Or Spiral, Or It May Tend To The Pyramidal Form. The Outer Surface Presents A Punctate Or Dotted Appearance, ...
Force
Force, The Impulse Which Tends To Impart Motion To A Body At Rest, Or To Increase Or Di Minish The Velocity Or Change The Direction Of A Body Already In Motion. This Impulse Is Attribut Able To The Action Of Some Other Body. It Is To Be Noted That While ...
Force Bill
Force Bill, A Popular Name In The Uni Ted States For Four Different Congressional Bills, Used At The Time Of Their Passage; All Aimed At The South, And Intended To Suppress By Na Tional Force Direct Or Indirect Nullification (q.v.) Of National Laws. (1) The Bill Of 2 March 1833 ...
Force Of Gravity
Force Of Gravity. The Force Of Gravity Finds Expression In That Law Of Physics Which Declares That Every Mass Is Attracted By Every Other Mass With A Force Varying Di Rectly As The Product Of The Masses, And In Versely As The Square Of Their Distances From One Another. In ...
Forcing
Forcing, In Gardening, Is A Term Used To Designate A Process In Which Artificial Heat Is Applied So That Flowers, Fruits Or Other Prod Ucts Of Plants Are Obtained At A Date Or Season Other Than That At Which They May Be Had In The Ordinary Course Of Culture. Thus, ...
Fordham University
Fordham University, Formerly Saint John's College, An Institution In New York, Opened 24 July 1841, Under The Auspices Of The Roman Catholic Church. The Land Upon Which The College Stands Is A Part Of The Old Dutch Village Of Fordham, And Is Of Historic Interest. In 1639 The Land Between ...
Forest Fires
Forest Fires. Fire Is Probably The Worst Of The Many Destructive Agencies At Work In The Forests Of The United States. Until Recent Times, However, The Attitude Of Settlers And Lumbermen Toward Fires In The Woods Was Either One Of Indifference Because The Supply Of Timber Seemed Inexhaustible Or Of ...
Forest Laws
Forest Laws, In English Law, Legal Restrictions Regarding Forests Of The King. Forest Laws Applied Not Only To The Royal For Ests Of England But To Scotland As Well. The Area Subject To The Jurisdiction Of These Courts In England Included Not Only Woodland But Often Pastures And Villages. Some ...
Forest Schools
Forest Schools. The Earliest Prac Tical Course In Forestry In The United States Was Given In 1897, In The State University Of Montana, Under Maj. George P. Ahern, U. S. A., Who Later Took Charge Of The Bureau Of Fores Try Of The Philippine Islands. Major Ahern Discontinued The Course ...
Forest Trees
Forest Trees, Tropical. Most Inter Esting Trees Grow Between The Tropics, Some Of Which Have Traveled Quite Around The Globe. A Vast Number Of Economic Products, Exclusive Of The More Important Tropical Fruits, Derived From Them, Have Been Carried Far And Wide Since The Dawn Of Commerce. The Character Of ...
Forest Trees Of America
Forest Trees Of America. Out Of The Great Mass Of Forest Growth In The United States And Canada, Stretching From The Palms On The Southernmost Keys To The Birches And Willows That, Creep Into The Arctic Circle, Certain Trees Stand Forth As Possessing Unusual Interest. Some Of Them Are Noted ...
Foresters
Foresters, The Independent Order Of, Was Organized In 1874 At Newark, N. J. It Was Reorganized In Canada By The Hon. Dr. Oronhyatekha, A Full-blooded Mohawk Indian Of Scholarly Distinction, High Character And Great Ability, Who Was Educated Under The Pat Yonage Of The Late King Of England, In 1881. ...
Forestry Associations
Forestry Associations. In 1875, The American Forestry Association Was Formed At Chicago With The Object Of Collecting And Disseminating Information On Forestry And Of Fostering The Conservation Of The Existing For Ests. This Association Was Merged In 1882, Into The American Forestry Which Be Came At Once Nationally Influential In ...
Forestry In The United
Forestry In The United States. The Purpose Of Forestry Is To Secure The Perpetuation And At The Same Time The Full Use And Benefit Of The Forest. Forestry Seeks To Serve The People By Making The Highest And Most Profitable Use Of Large Areas Of Land Not Well Suited To ...
Forfeiture
Forfeiture, For'fit-fire, A Legal Penalty, By Which An Owner Is Absolutely'deprived Of His Property For Crime Or Other Unlawful Act. This Applies To Personal As Well As Real Property, And Forfeiture May Be A Decree Of Civil As Well As Criminal Courts. The Penalty Is Of Feudal Origin. The Lord ...
Forgery
Forgery, The Fraudulent Making Or Al Teration Of A Writing To The Prejudice Of Another Man's Rights, Or Malting Of Any Written Instru Ment For The Purpose Of Fraud And Deceit; The Word Making, In This Last Definition, Being Con Sidered As Including Every Alteration Of Or Ad Dition To ...
Forging Forge
Forge, Forging And Forging Machines. A Forge Is A Furnace Or Open Fireplace, Having A Forced Draft, For Heating Metals, Especially Iron And Steel, To Be Shaped By Hammering Or Pressure. Previous To The 19th Century, Most Iron Work Was Forged By Smith On Anvils. The Coal Used Now Is ...
Formic Acid
Formic Acid, A Monobasic Organic Acid Having The Formula Or H.cooh, The Final H In The Last Of These Formula Being The One That Is Replaced When The Acid Combines With Bases To Form Its Salts (which Are Known As “formatesp). It Is An Important Substance In Organic Chemistry, And ...
Formosa
Formosa, For-milsk Called By The Chinese Taiwan, An Island Lying Off The Coast Of The Chinese Province Of Ffi-chien, From Which It Is Separated By A Strait From 90 To 220 Miles Wide. Formosa, Which, With A Group Of About 12 Islands Called The Pescadors, Was Ceded By China To ...
Forrest
Forrest, Nathan Bedford, American Soldier : B. Bedford County, Tenn., 13 July 1821; D. Memphis, Tenn., 29 Oct. 1877. Moving With His Father To Marshall County, Miss., He Was In A Short While, By The Death Of His Father, Left To Support His Mother And Family With A Small Hill ...
Forster
Forster, William Edward, English Statesman: B. Bradpole, Dorsetshire, 11 July 1818; D. London, 5 April 1886. He Was Edu Cated At The Friends' School At Tottenham, And Was Active In The Woolen Trade In Bradford. In 1850 He Married The Eldest Daughter Of Dr. Arnold Of Rugby. In 1865 He ...
Fort Darling
Fort Darling (drewry's Bluff), At Tack On, 7 May 1862. President Lincoln, Then At Fort Monroe, Received A Dispatch From Gen Eral Mcclellan That His Cavalry Had Made A Re Connaissance To Jamestown, On James River, That A Confederate Battery At That Point Had Been Abandoned, And If It Were ...
Fort Dearborn
Fort Dearborn, A Fort Built In 1804 By The United States Government On The South Bank Of The Chicago•river Near Its Mouth And On The Site Of The Present City Of Chicago. At That Time The River Took A Sharp Turn To The South Just East Of The Fort And ...
Fort Du Quesne
Fort Du Quesne, Kin, Colonial Fort In Pennsylvania Erected At The Confluence Of The Allegheny And 'monongahela Rivers And Upon The Site Of The Present City Of Pittsburgh (q.v.). It Was Begun In February 1754 By A Force Of Virginians Under Capt. William Trent, And Ensign Ward, Who Had Been ...
Fort Erie
Fort Erie, Canada, A Post Village In Welland County, Ontario, On Lake Erie, At The Head Of The Niagara River, Opposite Buffalo, N. Y., With Which It Is Connected By A Railroad Bridge. Three Railways Enter The Town, Which Is A Port Of Entry And Has An American Consu Late. ...
Fort Fisher
Fort Fisher, In North Carolina, Erected By The Confederates On The Peninsula Between Cape Fear River And The Atlantic To Defend The Entrance To The Port Of Wilmington, Was One Of The Most Formidable Earthworks On The Atlantic Coast And Was Built To Withstand The Heaviest Artillery Fire. Its Parapets ...
Fort Griswold
Fort Griswold, Massacre Of, 6 Sept. 1781. Hearing Of Washington's Southern March, Sir Henry Clinton, As The Only Available Diversion, Sent An Expedition Against New Lon Don, Conn., Where A Quantity Of Stores Was Col Lected, With Slight Defense From Fort Trumbull On The New London Side And Fort Griswold ...
Fort Harrison
Fort Harrison, Battle Of (including Chaffin's Farm, Fort Gilmer And New Market Heights). In The Latter Part Of September 1864 General Grant Ordered A Movement Against The Confederate Troops North Of James River, De Fending Richmond. Grant Hoped To Make Gen Eral Lee So Weaken The Garrison At Petersburg That ...
Fort Henry And Fort
Fort Henry And Fort Donel Son. These Forts Were Constructed By The Confederates Just South Of The Boundary Line Between Kentucky And Tennessee, The Former On The Right Bank Of The Tennessee River, The Latter On The Left Bank Of The Cumberland, The Distance Between The Two Being 12 Miles. ...
Fort Jackson
Fort Jackson And Fort Saint Philip. Fort Jackson Was Built Between 1824 And 1832 On The Right Bank Of The Missis Sippi, About 80 Miles Below New Orleans. Together With Fort Saint Philip On The Opposite Bank, Half A Mile Above, It Defended The . City From Water Attack. Both ...
Fort Pillow
Fort Pillow, Constructed By The Con Federates On The East Bank Of The Mississippi, About 40 Miles Above Memphis. It Was Bom Barded By The Union Fleet In Its Descent Of The River And Attack Upon The Confederate Fleet Near Memphis, Abandoned By The Confederates 4 June 1862, And 5 ...
Fort Pulaski
Fort Pulaski, Erected By The United States On Cockspur Island, For The Defense Of Savannah, Ga., And Commanding Both Channels Of The Savannah River. It Was A Brick Work, With Walls Seven And A Half Feet Thick And 25 Feet High Above Water. It Was Seized By Georgia State Troops ...
Fort Scott
Fort Scott, Kan., City_and County Seat Of Bourbon County, On The Marmaton River, And On The Saint Louis And S. F., The Missouri, K And T. And The Missouri P. Railroads, 100 Miles South Of Kansas City. The Chief Income Of The City Is Derived From The Railroad Shops,. The ...
Fort Smith
Fort Smith, Ark., City And County-seat Of Sebastian County, Situated On The Western Border Of The State At The Junction Of The Arkansas And Poteau Rivers, And On The Saint Louis And San Francisco, Missouri Pacific, Kansas City Southern, Midland Valley And Other Railroads. The City Is In A Rich ...
Fort Stedman
Fort Stedman, Assault On. In March 1865 General Lee Prepared To Abandon Richmond And Petersburg, Unite With Johnston At Danville, And Attack Sherman, Who Was Marching Northward From Savannah. In Order That He Might Wait For Favorable Weather, He Decided On A Sortie Against Grant To Hold Him Near The ...
Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter, Built Upon A Shoal In The Narrowest Part Of The Channel Of Charles Ton Harbor, Three And A Half Miles From The City And Three-fourths Of A Mile From The North End Of Morris Island, Was Constructed On A Rip-rap Foundation, Its Walls Of Brick Being 38 Feet ...
Fort Wagner
Fort Wagner, A Work Constructed By The Confederates Near The North End Of Morris Island, A Low, Narrow, Sandy Strip Of Land, About Three And A Half Miles In Length, On The South Side Of Charleston Harbor. It Was 2,600 Yards Directly South Of Fort Sumter, To Which It Was ...
Fort Wayne
Fort Wayne, Ind., City And County Seat Of Allen County, Situated In The North Eastern Part Of The State, 102 Miles Northeast Of Indianapolis, Upon The Saint Joseph, Saint Mary's And Maumee Rivers, Confluence Of The First Two Within The City's Limits Forming The Last Named. It Is Notable As ...
Fort Worth
Fort Worth, Tex., City And County Seat Of Tarrant County, 175 Miles Northeast Of Austin, On The Trinity River, And Texas And Pacific, Santa Fe, Frisco, Trinity And Brazos Valley, Rock Island, Cotton Belt, Houston And Texas Central, Fort Worth And Denver City, International And Great Northern, Missouri, Oklahoma And ...
Fortune Bay
Fortune Bay, A Bay On The Southern Coast Of Newfoundland, Embracing Extensive Fishing Grounds. By The Fisheries Treaty Of 1871 With Great Britain (see Fisheries Question), The American Fishermen Were Granted Equal Rights On All British Coasts. The Newfound Landers Were Very Jealous Of This Intrusion On Their Fishing Grounds, ...
Forum
Forum (lat. For A Market-place; Con Nected With Foris, Out Of Doors), The Open Space I In The Centre Of A City, In Roman Times, Where The People Assembled, As On Common Ground, For Amusement Or The Transaction Of Business. Here Elections Were Held; Here Were The Public Buildings, Civic ...
Forum Ecclesiasticum
Forum Ecclesiasticum, A Church Ribunal Or Court. It Is Either Internal Or Ex Ernal — Forum Internum, Forum Externum. ['lie Forum Internum Is What Is Known As The Ribunal Of Penance, The Confessional, Where The Renitent Is Both Accuser And Accused; And The Confessor Is The Judge Who Condemns Or ...
Foscolo
Foscolo, Ugo, Oo'gt Fosico-16, Orig Inally Niccolo, Italian Author: B. Zante, One Of The Ionian Isles, 26 Jan. 1778; D. Turn Ham Green, Near London, 10 Oct. 1827. A Man Of Passionate Temperament, And Withal An Ardent Patriot, Foscolo Was Bitterly Disappointed When By The Treaty Of Campo Formio Venice ...
Fossils
Fossils, The Impressions Or Remains Of Plants Or Animals Preserved In Rocks By Nat Ural Causes. Fossils Supply Data, From Which The Geologist Can Determine The Relative Ages Of Sedimentary Rocks. The First Man To Realize Their Chronological Importance Was The English Surveyor, William Smith, Known As The Father Of ...
Foster
Foster, John Watson, American States Man And Diplomat : B. Pike County, Ind., 2 March 1836; D. Washington, D. C., 15 Nov. 1917. The Son Of Judge Matthew Watson Fos Ter, He Was Educated At The University Of In Diana And The Harvard Law School. He Served In The Civil ...
Foucaults Pendulum Experi Ment
Foucault's Pendulum Experi Ment, A Curious And Remarkable Method In Vented By Jean Bernard Leon Foucault (q.v.), Of Showing Rotation Of The Earth On Its Axis, By Observing A Vibrating Pendulum And His Ex Periment Goes Under The Above Name. In This Experiment A Gradual Disc Is Seen To Turn, ...
Fouillee
Fouillee, Alfred Jules Emile, French Philosopher And Sociologist: B. La Poureze, Department Of Maine-et-loire, 18 Oct. 1838; D. Lyons, 16 July 1912. He Was To All In Tents And Purposes Self-educated, As He Never Had Attended A University. From 1864 To 1868 He Taught In Obscure Provincial Schools, And In ...
Foundation
Foundation. The Term Designates Either The Lower Courts Of A Masonry Structure, Or A Specially Prepared Surface Or Bed In Con Tact With The Soil Or Bed-rock Upon Which A Building Or Other Weighty Structure Of Any Kind Is To Be Built. In Practice There Are Many Cases, However, In ...
Founding
Founding. The Art Of Making Molds In Sand, Loam Or Plaster Of Paris, With Or Without The Aid Of Patterns. The Molds Thus Made Are Filled With Molten Metal Which Is Subsequently Allowed To Cool And Solidify Into A Metal Casting Corresponding To The Form Of The Mold. The Various ...
Foundling
Foundling, A Child Abandoned By Its Parents, And Found By Strangers. Though Infanti Cide Was Not Punished Among The Ancient Nations, With The Exception Of Egypt, Where The Child's Corpse Was Fastened To The Guilty Parent's Neck For Three Days And Nights, Yet Natural Feeling Would Prompt Parents To Expose ...
Foundry Practice
Foundry Practice. Cart The Casting Of Brass Has Been Practise: The Earliest Times And Is Mentioned In Hooks Of The Bible. Before The Yot Wrought Iron Was Made Directly Fry This Nearly Pure Iron Cannot By Methods Be Made Sufficiently Fluid To Molds. By Special Methods In Recent Is Made ...
Fouquet
Fouquet, Foo-ki, Nicolas, French Statesman, Viscount De Melun And De Vaux, And Marquis Of Belle Isle: B. Paris, 1615; D. Pignerol, 23 March 1680. He Received In 1650 The Important Appointment Of Procureur-general To The Parliament Of Paris, And Three Years Later Was Advanced To Be Superintendent Of Finance. His ...
Fourdrinier Ma Chine
Fourdrinier Ma Chine, A Paper-making Machine, The First To Make A Continuous Web. It Was Invented By Louis Robert, Of Essonne, And Patented By Him In France. A Mr. Gamble And The Brothers Fourdrinier Improved It. The Machine Was Perfected By Others. See Paper. Fourier, Francois Charles Marie, French Social ...
Fourierism
Fourierism, The Social System Advo Cated By F. C. M. Fourier (q.v.). It Was Based On The Theory That The Social Order De Pends Upon Fixed Moral And Intellectual Laws, And That Man Must Discover And Live According . To These Laws. According To Fourier Society Must Be So Organized ...
Fourteenth Century
Fourteenth Century. Following The Great Outburst Of Human Achievement Which Came In The 13th Century, The 14th Might Be Ex Pected To Present A Still Higher Step In Culture In Accordance With The Law Of Progress That Is Often Presumed To Rule In Human Affairs. On The Contrary, As Is ...
Fourth Century
Fourth Century. The End Of The 3d Century Saw The Revivification Of The Roman Empire Under Diocletian. He Was One- Of Those Strong Sons Of The Poor Who Exemplify So Often In History The Fact That It Is The Man Himself And Not His Heredity That Counts. His Mother Was ...
Fowler
Fowler, William Warde, English Orni Thologist: B. Somerset 1847. He Was Educated At Marlborough College And Oxford, And Was Sub-rector Of Lincoln College, Oxford, From 1881-1904. He Has Published
Fox Channel
Fox Channel, In The Hudson Bay, Canada, Named After Luke Fox, Who Explored The Region In 1631. The Channel Lies Between Southampton Island And Baffin Land. A Name Given By Certain Natural Ists To The Wild Dogs Of South America, Because Of Their Fox-like Appearance. Among These Are The Crab-eating ...
Fra Lippo Lippi
Fra Lippo Lippi. This Dramatic Monologue By Browning Is Like His 'andrea Del Sarto,' At Once A Revelation Of Character And A Statement Of A Theory Of Aesthetics With Special Application To Painting. It Consists Of About 400 Lines Of Easy, Flexible Blank-verse, Highly Colloquial In Style. It Was Written ...