FRIULI, fretoo-le, Italy,. formerly inde pendent duchy, consisting, in its widest extent, of the modern Italian province of Udine, the Austrian County of Gorz and Gradiska, and the circle of Idria. It derived its name from that of its chief town, Forum Julii, which was said to have been founded by Julius Caesar. It was one of the most important duchies of the Lon gobard Kingdom, and after the overthrow of that monarchy by Charlemagne, and even up to the 15th century, when it was conquered by Venice and its territories dismembered, it re tained a considerable degree of independence. The inhabitants, called Furlani, are Italian for the most part, but speak a peculiar dialect, into which a strong Celtic element has been intro duced. The area of the district is about 3,300 square miles; its population about 700,000. Con Manzano, 'Annali del Friuli) (Udine 1858 79) ; and Fracassetti, 'La Statistica etnografica del Friuli' (ib. 1903).
FRoBEL, Julius, German editor and poli tician, nephew of Friedrich Froebel (q.v.) : b. 1805; d. 1893. He pursued his studies at Mu nich, Weimar and Berlin, and in 1833 was ap pointed professor of mineralogy in the indus trial schools of Zurich, Switzerland, and was also editor of Der schweizerische Republikaner.
He gave up his professorship after 11 years and engaged in publishing scientific works and po litical tracts at Zurich. He removed to Dresden in 1846, and in 1848 was one of the Democratic leaders and a member of the Frankfort Main National Assembly. During this troubled year he visited 'Vienna in the company of Robert Blum. He was arrested and condemned to death, but because of his great talents he re ceived a pardon, from Windischgratz. He came to the United States in 1849 and edited a Ger man journal in New York until 1850, when he went to Nicaragua, and was later engaged in commercial expeditions in Mexico. In 1855 he was editor of a San Francisco paper and re turned to Germany in 1857. In 1862-73 he was editor of newspapers in Munich and In the latter year he was appointed German Consul at Smyrna, was transferred to Algiers in 1876 and retired in 1890. He published 'Aus Amerika' (1857), translated (1859) by himself and issued under the title 'Seven Years' Travel in Central America, Northern Mexico and the Far West' • 'Die Wirtschaft des Menschen geachlects> (1870-76) ; Lebeuslauf' (1890 91) an autobiography.