Freedmens Savings And Trust
Freedmen's Savings And Trust Co., Usually Called Freedman's Bank, A Savings Bank Chartered By Congress In The District Of Columbia By An Act Approved 3 March 1865, At The Special Instance Of Charles Sumner And Charles R. Buckalew, As A Means Of Encouraging Thrift Among The Newly Emanicipated Negroes. It ...
Freedom
Freedom, Personal, The Liberty Of The Individual To Determine The Course Of His Own Actions, Subject Only To Restrictions The Same For All And As Few And Liberal As The Public Safety Permits. It Is Characteristic Of A Social Condition Where The Individual Is The Funda Mental Unit, Rather Than ...
Freedom Of Speech And
Freedom Of Speech And Of The Press. By This Is Understood The Essential Right Embodied In Liberty Of Speaking And Publishing The Truth With Good Motives And For Justifiable Ends, In Regard To The Actions Of The Government, Of Officials, Or Individuals. The Different Bills Of Rights In State Constitutions ...
Freedom Of The Will
Freedom Of The Will, A Work By Jonathan Edwards. It Is An Amazing Fact That This Treatise, Undoubtedly The Greatest Contribu Tion Of America To Metaphysical Thought, Was Written Within A Period Of Four Months, While The Author Was A Missionary To The Indians In A Frontier Settlement. But The ...
Freeman
Freeman, Edward Augustus, English Historian: B. Harborne, Near Birmingham, 1823; D. Alicante, Spain, 16 March 1892. He Was Educated At Trinity College, Oxford, Where He Obtained A Scholarship In 1841, And After His Marriage In 1847 He Retired To A Small Estate At Somerleaze, In Somerset, Where He Devoted Himself ...
Freeman_2
Freeman, Mary Eleanor Wilkins, American Novelist: B. Randolph, Mass., 1862. She Was Educated At Mount Holyoke Seminary And After Some Years Spent In Brattleboro, Vt., Returned In 1883 To Randolph, Which Remained Her Home Till Her Marriage To Charles Freeman In January 1902, When She Removed To His Home In ...
Freetown
Freetown', Africa, A Seaport Of West Africa, Capital Of The British Colony Of Sierra Leone (q.v.) On The South Side Of The River Of Sierra Leone, In 29' N., 13° 10' W. Its Principal Streets Are Broad And Straight, And Have, More Especially In The Part Occupied By Europeans, A ...
Freezing Point
Freezing Point, The Degree Of Cold At Which A Liquid Freezes. It May Be Stated As Accurately As The Degree Of Heat At Which A Liquid Congeals, Since Everything Above Absolute Zero Represents Some Degree Of Heat. In The Case Of Water The Freezing Point Is 32° F. Or 0° ...
Freiburg
Freiburg, Fri-boorg, Or Freyburg, Or Freiburg Im Breisgau, Baden, A Town In The Circle Of The Upper Rhine, In The Valley Of The Dreisam, And On The Railway From Carlsruhe, In One Of The Most Beautiful And Fertile Districts Of South Germany, At The West Foot Of The Black Forest. ...
Freight
Freight. This Term Was Originally Syn Onymous With Cargo, Being Applied To Miscella Neous Articles Shipped For Transportation By Water. When The Railways Began To Do, A Gen Eral Transportation Business In America The Word Freight Was Extended In Meaning To Cover All Miscellaneous Merchandise Transported By Train, Other Than ...
Freiligrath
Freiligrath, Ferdinand, German Poet: B. Detmold, 17 June 1810; D. Cannstadt, Wfirtemberg, 17 March 1876. His Father Was A Teacher. Though Apprenticed To A Grocer At 15, He Continued His Studies And Published Verses In Local Journals. In 1831-36 He Was A Banker's Clerk In Amsterdam. In 1836-38 He Published ...
Freischutz
Freischutz, Der, Romantic Opera In Three Acts By Carl Maria Von Weber (libretto By Friedrich Kind) First Produced At Berlin, 18 June 1821. Founded Upon A Popular Fairy Story, The Plot Has An Atmosphere Of Mediaeval Romanticism Heightened Many Degrees By Its Musical Investiture. Max, A Skilful Marksman, Is Betrothed ...
Frelinghuysen
Frelinghuysen, Freging-hi-z•in, Fred Erick, American Lawyer: B. Somerset County, N. J., 13 April 1753; D. 13 April 1804. He Was Graduated At The College Of New Jersey (now Princeton) In 1770; Studied Law, And Was Ad Mitted To The Bar In 1773. Two Years Later He Was Chosen A Member ...
Fremont
Fremont, Ohio, City And County-seat Of Sandusky County, On The Sandusky River, At The Head Of Navigation, 30 Miles Southeast Of Toledo. In A Productive Farming, Oil And Nat Ural Gas Region, Its Transit Facilities Include The Lake Erie And Western, The Lake Shore And Michigan Southern, The Wheeling And ...
Fremont
Fremont, John Charles, American Ex Plorer And Soldier: B. Savannah, Ga., 31 Jan. 1813; D. New York, 13 July 1890. His Father Was A Frenchman And His Mother Came Of The Distinguished Virginia Family Of The Whitings. He Attended Charleston College, But Was Ex Pelled From There For Insubordination Before ...
French
French, Daniel Chester, Sculptor: H. Exeter, N. H., 20 April 1850. He Was The Son Of The Hon. Henry Flagg French, Judge And Ex-assistant Secretary Of The United States Treasury, Who In 1867 Moved To Concord, Mass., Whence His Son Attended The Massachusetts In Stitute Of Technology And Dr. Rummer's ...
French Architecture
French Architecture. While In Any Extended Discussion Of The Architecture Of What Is France To-day It Would Be Necessary To Divide The Subject According To The Various Provinces Which Were Later United Under The French Monarchy, It Seems Wiser In So Brief An Article As This Must Be To Take ...
French Equatorial Africa
French Equatorial Africa. French Kongo — Which In 1908 Became The Gen Eral Government Of French Equatorial Africa— Is A Colony Of A Special Nature. Its Boundaries Were Fixed Diplomatically Before The Country Was Penetrated, As The Result Of Some Brilliant Exploring Expeditions. The Conquest Was Under Taken Progressively And ...
French Establishments In Oceania
French Establishments In Oceania, Islands Scattered Over A Wide Area In The Eastern Pacific. They Are Administered By A Governor With An Administrative Council Consisting Of Certain Officials, The Moire Of Papeete, And The Presidents Of The Chambers Of Commerce And Agriculture. The Establishments Consist Of The Society Islands, The ...
French Guiana
French Guiana, French Colony Situ Ated On The Northeast Coast Of South America, In 4° 56' 20" N. Lat. And 54° 41' W. Long. French Guiana Has An Area About The Third Of France. Three Chains Of Mountains Run Through The Country Parallel To The Coast: The Tumuc Humas Ranges ...
French Guinea
French Guinea, Ging, Colony Com Prised In The Government-general Of French West Africa. It Is Situated On The Coast Be Tween Portuguese Guinea And The British Col Ony Of Sierra Leone, And Extends Inland So As To Include The Territories Of Dinguiray, Siguiri, Kouroussa, Kankan, Kissidugo And Beyla. The Area ...
French Indo China
French Indo-china. History.— France Lost India In The 18th Century. In The 19th Century She Conquered Eastern Indo-china. Although The Territory Is Much Smaller And Less Peopled Than That Of Hindustan, It Is In No Sense A Compensation To Be Disdained. A Colony Which Is Half As Large Again As ...
French Revolution
French Revolution, The. Every One Knows The Story How The Manuscript Of The First Book Of Carlyle's Masterpiece, 'the French Revolution,' Was Lost. He Lent It To His Friend, John Stuart Mill, Who In Turn Lent It To His Egeria, Mrs. Taylor; And Mrs. Taylor's Housemaid Used It To Light ...
French Revolution
French Revolution, The. There Are Several Revolutionary Periods And Events In French History Which Stand Out Prominently From The National Records; But The Revolution Of 1789 Is, By Common Consent, Known As The Revolution. This Is Because It Marks, For The French People, The Parting Of The Ways And Forms ...
French Somaliland
French Somaliland. French So Maliland Is Situated On The East Coast Of Africa To The- North And The South Of The Bab-el-man Deb Straits; It Is Bounded At The North By The Ras-doumeirah, Which Separates It From The Italian Possessions, At The South By A Line Run Ning From The ...
French Spoliation Claims
French Spoliation Claims. During The Great European Wars From 1793 On, French Privateers Assailed Neutral Commerce, Of Which The American Was Chief, Under Various Pretexts Or Without Any; One Was That The United States Had Violated The Treaty Of 1778. In The Virtual French-american War Of 1798-99, Their Privateers About ...
French West Africa
French West Africa. A French Government-general Comprising The Colonies Of Senegal, French Guinea, The Ivory Coast, Da Homey, Upper Senegal-niger. From The Rio De Oro To English Nigeria, The West African Colonies Are Scattered Over The West Coast Of Africa, Separated From Each Other By Various Foreign Colonies. For Instance, ...
French West Indies
French West Indies. The French West Indies Form Part Of That Stretch Of Vol Canic Islands Which Seem To Connect North And South America. France Possesses From The North To The South: The Northern Part Of The Island Of Saint Martin, Saint Barthelemy, Guadeloupe And Its Dependencies, Desirade, Marie Galante, ...
Frenchtown
Frenchtown, Mich., Battle Of, In The War Of 1812. Hull's Surrender Of Detroit Threw The American Frontier Back To The Line Of The Wabash And The Maumee. The Maumee Was Defended By Fort Wayne, About 20 Miles From The Ohio Border, And The Wabash By Fort Harrison, A Block-house Standing ...
Freneau
Freneau, Fre'n6., Philip, American Poet: B. New York. 2 Jan. 1752; D. Near Freehold, N. J., 18 Dec. 1832. Graduated From Princeton In 1771, He Was Captured In 1780, During A, Voy Age To The West Indies, By An English Cruiser, And His Experiences While Under Detention Be Later Recorded ...
Frenssen
Frenssen, Gustav, German Novelist: B. In Barlt, In Ditmarschen, A District On The Western Coast Of Holstein, 19 Oct. 1863. He Received His Early Education In The Volksschule At Barlt And Later Attended The Gymnasium At Meldorf And Husum, Not Far From His Birth Place. From 1886 To 1890 He ...
Frere
Frere, Pierre Edouard, Brother Of Charles Theodore Frere (q.v.), French Painter: B. Paris, 10 Jan. 1819; D. Econen, May 1886. He Studied Under Paul Delaroche, And Chose Sentimental Genre As His Specialty; Many Of His Delineations Of Home- And Child-life Are Full Of True And Simple Feeling And Have Been ...
Freres Translation Of Aris
Frere's Translation Of Aris Tophanes. Born In 1769, Graduate Of Cam Bridge In 1792, Occupying Various Positions Con Nected With The Foreign Office From 1799 To 1808, Intimate Friend Of Canning, John Hook Ham Frere Is Among England's Many Remark Able Examples Of Public Men In Letters. In Spite Of ...
Fresco Painting
Fresco Painting. The Word °fresco° Is Italian And Means Fresh. The Term °fresco Painting° Means, Technically, Painting On A Freshly Laid Wet Surface Of Plaster. The Method Is Employed In The Decoration Of Spaces On Walls And Ceilings. The Pigments Used Are Water Colors. By Extension The Term Has Been ...
Freudianism
Freudianism. The Name Applied To The Views Of The Most Modern School Of Psy Chology And Philosophy, Of Which Sigmund Freud (q.v.) Is The Central Figure. The Gov Erning Conceptions Of Contemporary Scientific Fall Into Three Classes. One Class Regards Mind And Body As Coordinate And Parallel Functions Of One ...
Freytag
Freytag, Fri'tfig, Gustav, German Novel Ist, Journalist And Critic: B. Kreuzburg In Silesia, 13 July 1816; D. 30 April 1895. He Was A Son Of The Physician And Burgomaster, Gottlob Ferdinand Freytag, A Man Of Much Dignity And Reserve. His Mother -was Cheerful, Sympathetic And Helpful. Seiler, One Of His ...
Fribourg
Fribourg, Fri'boorg, Or Freiburg, Switzerland, Canton In The Western Portion Of The Country, Bounded On The North And East By The Canton Of Bern, And On The South And West By Vaud, On The Northwest By Lake Neuchatel. Its Area Is 646 Square Miles. The Southern And Eastern Portions Of ...
Friction
Friction, In Mechanics, Is The Adhesion Or Degree Of Adhesion Of Contacting Surfaces; The Resistance Which Opposes The Slipping Or Sliding Of Two Bodies In Contact. In An Active Sense, It Is The Rubbing Together Of Things; In A Passive Sense, It Is The Tendency To Adhere Or Stick, Presented ...
Friendly Society
Friendly Society, The General Name For English Benefit Associations, Usually Founded By The Working Classes For Purposes Of Self-help, Which Have Become Mostly Mutual Insurance Societies. They Originated With The Mediaeval Guilds And For A Long Time Maintained No Benefit Funds But Made Grants To Numbers In Distress. The Benefits ...
Friends
Friends, The Religious Society Of. The Religious Society Of Friends, Commonly Called Quakers, Had Its Origin In England About The Middle Of The 17th Century, And Was Largely The Result Of The Ministry Of George Fox, Who Is Often Called Its Founder. Early History.— George Fox, The Son Of A ...
Frieze
Frieze, Henry Simmons, American Edu Cator: B. Boston, 15 Sept. 1817; D. Ann Arbor, Mich., 7 Dec. 1889. He Was Graduated From Brown University In 1841, Was Instructor There From 1841-45, Conducted The Grammar-school Connected With The University 1845-54, And From 1854 Until His Death Was Professor Of The Latin ...
Frisians
Frisians, A People Of Teutonic Stock, Who At The Beginning Of The Christian Era Occupied The Coast Lands Stretching From The Mouth Of The Scheldt To That Of The Ems. They Were Closely Related By Speech And Blood To The Angles And Saxons, And The Other Low German Tribes, Who ...
Frith
Frith, John, English Protestant Martyr: B. Westerham, Kent, 1503; D. Smithfield, 4 July 1533. He Was Educated At Eton And At Cam Bridge, Where He Was Graduated In 1525, And In The Same Year On The Advice Of Wolsey Removed To Cardinal (now Christ Church) College, Ox Ford. Here He ...
Frithjofs
Frithjof's (frleyerf) Saga. This Lyrical Epic In 24 Cantos By Esaias Tegner Was Completed In 1825. This Is The Most Famous Literary Work Produced In Sweden, And For Many Years Has Been Very Popular Throughout Europe. It Is Based On The Romantic Story, 'frithjof's Saga,' Written By An Unknown Au ...
Friuli
Friuli, Fretoo-le, Italy,. Formerly Inde Pendent Duchy, Consisting, In Its Widest Extent, Of The Modern Italian Province Of Udine, The Austrian County Of Gorz And Gradiska, And The Circle Of Idria. It Derived Its Name From That Of Its Chief Town, Forum Julii, Which Was Said To Have Been Founded ...
Froebel
Froebel, Fro'bel, Friedrich Wilhelm August, German Educationist : B. Oberweissbach, Thuringia, 21 April 1782; D. Marienthal, 21 June 1852. It Was Froebel Who Said, Clearer The Thread That Runs Through Our Lives Backward To Our Childhood, The Clearer Will Be Our Onward Glance To The And In The Fragment Of ...
Frog
Frog. This Familiar Animal Is The Type Of The Anurous Amphibia (order Amara). The Family Ranide, To Which It Belongs, Is Char Acterized By Having The Skin Smooth, The Hind Legs Long, And The Feet Usually Completely Webbed; Teeth Are Present In The Upper Jaw And Palate, Seldom In The ...
Frogs
Frogs, The (aristophanes' Is The Wittiest Comedy In The World And The Best Index Of The Intelligence Of The Audience That Could Appreciate It. It Was Produced In 405 'lc. In The Brief Interval Of Respite And Hope Between The Victory Of Arginusae And The Fatal Defeat Of Xgospotami. The ...
Frohschammer
Frohschammer, Jakob, German Theo Logian And Philosopher: B. Illkofen, 6 Jan. 1821; D. Bad Kreuth, Bavaria, 14 June 1893. He Studied Theology At Munich, And Was Destined By His Parents For The Roman Catholic Priesthood, Which He Entered In 1847. From 1855 Until His Death He Was Professor Of Philosophy ...
Froissarts Chronicles
Froissart's Chronicles. The 'chronicles' (chroniques) Of Froissart Deserve In Many Respects To Hold The First Place Among Historical Compositions Of Their Kind. They Purposed To Be A Record Of All That Was Memor Able In The Long Struggle Between France And England That Filled The Last Three-quarters Of The 14th ...
Fromentin
Fromentin, Eugene, French Painter: B. La Rochelle, 24 Oct. 1820; D. Saint Maurice, Near La Rochelle, 27 Aug. 1876. He Began Life As A Law Student, But Early Turned His Attention To Landscape Painting, Working In The Studio Of Louis Sabat. In 1842 He Traveled In Algeria, And It Was ...
Fronde
Fronde, Frond, The Name Of A Political Faction Which Played A Conspicuous Part In French History During The Minority Of Louis Xiv, And Gave Rise To The Insurrectionary Movement Known Historically As The War Of The Fronde. The Members Of This Party Obtained The Contemptuous Name Of Frondeurs (clingers), Being ...
Front Royal
Front Royal, Engagement 'at. Front Royal, Va., Is 12 Miles East Of Strasburg, And Is The Key To Luray Valley. On 23 May 1862 It Was Held By Colonel Kenly With Nine Com Panies Of The 1st Maryland Infantry, Two Corn Panies Of The 29th Pennsylvania, A Company Of The ...
Frontaura
Frontaura, Wtsquez Carlos, Spanish Dramatist And Journalist: B. Madrid, Spain, 4 Sept. 1835. He Was One Of The Most Voluminous Writers Of Spain In The 19th Century And Contributed To Practically All The Well-known Newspapers And Magazines Of Madrid. He Founded The Cascabel, Which He Used In Behalf Of The ...
Frost
Frost, The Moisture In The Atmosphere Crystallized Or Congealed By The Cold, Upon The Earth's Surface, Or Upon Various Objects And Surfaces Situated Or Existing Upon It, As Grasses, Shrubs, Trees, Window Panes, Etc. The Various Phenomena Of Hoar Frost, Window Frost, Etc., Grouped Tinder This Head, Occur Over A ...
Froude
Froude, Frood, James Anthony, Eng Lish Historian: B. Dartington, Devonshire, Eng Land, 23 April 1818; D. Salcombe, Devonshire, 20 Oct. 1894. He Was The Youngest Son Of Archdeacon R. H. Fronde, Rector Of Dartington, And Was Educated At Westminster And Oxford. His Brother, Hurrell Fronde, Was One Of The Leaders ...
Fruit
Fruit, That Part Of A Plant In Which The Seed Or Other Reproductive Element Is Perfected; In Ordinary Plants The Matured Ovary With Its Pericarp And Other Parts. Strictly Speaking The Term Is Confined To The True Seed Plants (sper Matophytes). This Botanical Definition Is Largely Extended In Popular Usage ...
Fruit Growing
Fruit Growing. Fruit Growing Is The Art And Practice Of Producing Fruits For Human Consumption. Fruit Growing Is Also Highly Developed As A Profession; Followed By Many Experts, Teachers And Investigators. In Recent Years There Has Been A Tendency To Develop The Scientific Aspects Of Fruit Growing, And, Al Though ...
Fruit Industry
Fruit Industry. While Fruits Have Been Grown Since Earliest Times To Supply Homes And Comparatively Local Needs, Fruit Growing Has Become Worthy Of The Status Of An Industry Only Within The Past Century. Prior To This Period Commerce In Fruits Was Limited' Almost Wholly To Dried Fruits Such As Dates, ...
Fruits
Fruits, Cold-storage Of, The Preservation Of Fruits, By Keeping Them In A Refrigerator Or Ice-box Of Such A Temperature As Will Neither Freeze Them Nor Permit The Process Of Ripening To Advance. The Problem Of Cold-storage Has At Length Been Solved By Experiments Successfully Made By The Government Expert, W. ...
Fruits
Fruits, Tropical. Many Tropical Fruits Are Well Known In The Colder Zones. Some Of Them Are Even Cultivated In Subtropical Climates, In Northern Greenhouses, Or As Annuals Where Ever Summer-heat Is Sufficiently Torrid; As, For Instance, • Okra, Tomatoes, Melons, Egg-plants, Peppers And Peanuts. Others, Like The Pome Granate, Lime, ...
Fruits Of Culture
Fruits Of Culture, The (plow/ Prosivyeshcheniya). Count Tolstoi Recognized In The Drama An Immense Power For Driving Home His Ethical Teachings. His Second Play, 'the Fruits Of Culture' (or 'the Fruits Of Enlightenment,' 1889), Is A Satirical Comedy With A Triple Purpose — To Show Up The Ab Surdity Of ...
Frye
Frye, William Pierce, American .lawyer, Legislator And Statesman: B. Lewiston, Me., 2 Sept. 1831; D. Lewiston, 8 Aug. 1911; Son Of Col. John M. And Alice M. Frye. He Was Grad Uated At Bowdoin College In 1850 And After Studying Law In The Office Of William Pitt Fes Senden, He ...
Fuel
Fuel, Comparative Heating Values Of. The Effective And Economical Utilization Of The Inherent Heat Energy Of Fuel In The Production Of Light And Power Is Perhaps The Most Import Ant Industrial Question Of The Times. It Is One That Plays Such A Necessary Part Of Modern Life And The Cost ...