GARLAND, Augustus Hill, American lawyer: b. near Covington, Tenn., 11 June 1832; d. Washington, D. C., 26 Jan. 1899. He op posed secession as a policy, but was afterward elected to the Confederate Senate, which office he held till the close of the war. In 1874 he was elected governor under the new constitu tion of Arkansas, and in 1885 became Attorney General in the Cabinet of President Cleveland.
reached the United States, and was for several years in command of a merchant vessel. He then purchased a part of the small island of Caprera, off the north coast of Sardinia, and made this his home for the rest of his life. Latterly the subscriptions of his admirers enabled him to become owner of the whole island.
In the war of 1859, Garibaldi and his Chas seurs of the Alps did splendid service; and on the revolt of the Sicilians in 1860 he crossed to the island, wrested it after a fierce struggle from the king of Naples, recrossed to the main land and occupied Naples, where he was pro claimed dictator of the Two Sicilies. He read ily acquiesced in the annexation of the Two Sicilies to Italy, and declining all honors, re tired to his island farm. In 1862 he endeavored to force the Roman question to a solution, and entered Calabria with a small following, but was taken prisoner at Aspromonte by the royal troops. He was soon released, however, and returned to Caprera. In 1864 he received an enthusiastic welcome in Great Britain. In 1866 he commanded a volunteer force against the Austrians in the Italian Tyrol, but failed to ac complish anything of consequence. Next year
he attempted the liberation of Rome, but near Mentana was defeated by the French and pon tifical troops, and was again imprisoned by the Italian government, but soon pardoned and released. In 1870 he gave his services to the French republican government against the Ger mans, and at the end of the war was elected a member of the French Assembly, but speedily resigned his seat and returned to Caprera. Rome now became the capital of united Italy, and here in January 1875, Garibaldi took his seat in the Italian Parliament. The latter part of his life was spent quietly at Caprera. His second wife was the Countess Raimondi, whom he married in 1860; hut the union was an ill assorted one; and his third wife was Francesca, a peasant. After 1870 he wrote two or three novels of very fnediocre quality. His autobiog raphy was published in 1887, and translated into English with a supplementary biography in 1889.
Dwight, of Garibaldi; from his Private Papers' (new ed., New York 1903) ; Bent, 'Life of Garibaldi) (London 1881) ; Guerzoni, 'Garibaldi' (2 vols., Flor ence 1881) ; and G. N. Trevelyan's admirable works, 'Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Re public' (New York 1907) ; 'Garibaldi and the Thousand' (New York 1909) ; and 'Garibaldi and the Making of Italy' (New York 1911).