Gama
Gama, Aniii,• Antonio Leon De, A Mexi Can Scientist: B. City Of Mexico, 1735; D. 12 Sept. 1802. He Was Secretary To The Supreme Court For A Number Of Years, And Subsequently Was A Professor At The School Of Mines. He Is Best Known For His Study Of The Celebrated ...
Gama_2
Gama, Vasco Da. Visit& Di. Portuguese Navigator: B. Sines, Portugal, 1450; D. Cochin, India, 24 Dec. 1524. He Was The First Navigator Who Made The Voyage To The East Indies By The Cape Of Good Hope. Bartholomew Dias, A Portuguese Explorer, Having Visited The Cape, Which He Called Cabo Tormentoso, ...
Gambetta
Gambetta, Leon Michel, French Statesman: B. Cahors, France, 3 April 1838; D. Sevres, France, 31 Dec. 1882. He Was Of Genoese Extraction; Was Educated For The Church; But Finally Decided In Favor Of The Law; And Going To Paris Became A Member Of The Metropolitan Bar In 1859. In November ...
Gamboge
Gamboge, Giim-bryj' Or -booj', A Gum Resin Derived From Garcinia Cambogia, A Member Of The Order Guttiferm The Gamboge Tree It Self Is A Native Of Siam, Cochin-china, Cam Bodia (which Gives The Drug Its Name), From Which Places The Drug Is Imported To Europe And To The United States. ...
Game Breeding
Game Breeding Signifies To Most Per Sons Rearing In Captivity Of Gallinaceous Birds For Purposes Of Sport, As Pheasants, Grouse, Quails And The Like; But It Must Be Ex Tended To Include The Rearing Of Wild Ducks And Geese In Confinement To Be Sold As Food. The Peacock, Turkey And ...
Game Laws
Game Laws, Legislative Enactments Adopted By Nations And States To Prohibit Or Regulate The Killing Of Wild Animals, Birds And Fishes. In Great Britain The Game Laws Are A Relic Of The Forest Laws, Which In The Time Of The Norman Kings Were So Oppressive; It Being Under The Conqueror ...
Games
Games, Gliders. Dies De, A Spanish Chronicler And Soldier Of The First Half Of The 15th Century, Attached To The Person Of Pero Nifio, Count De Buelna (1379-1453). His Work Which Constitutes An Interesting And Faithful Account Of The Life Of Pero Nifio From His Early Boyhood Days Is One ...
Games
Games. Games Are An Expression Of The Play Instinct, A Distinct Species Or Form Of Play. A Study Of Them Includes A Definition Of Games As Distinguished From Play; And A Considera Tion Of Games From Historical, Educational And Recreative Viewpoints. While The Term Play In Cludes Games, So That ...
Gametophyte
Gametophyte, Reduc Tion Of. The Gametophyte, As The Name Implies, Is The Gamete-bearing Plant. In All Plants Which Have Reached The Level Of Sexuality There Is A Gamete-bearing Plant In The Life History, Alter Nating With Another Phase Which May Or May Not Bear Spores. This Other Phase, In Some ...
Gammer Gurtons Needle
Gammer Gurton's Needle, A "comedie" By Bishop John Still, Very Popular During The 16th Century, And Supposed To Have Been The First Play That Was Acted In The English Tongue. In 1575, Nine •years After Its Appear Ance On The Stage Of The University Mentioned Below, It Appeared In Print ...
Gamut
Gamut, Gam'iit, In Music, A Name Applied In A Three-fold Manner :—(a) In Its Original Sense, To The First Or Lowest Note Of The Scale; (b) To The Mediaeval Scale* Whereon The Musical Notes Are Disposed In Their Several Orders; (c) To The Whole Range Of A Voice Or Instrument, ...
Ganged Fishes
Ganged Fishes, An Order Of Fishes Founded By Agassiz On The Character Of The Scales Of Certain Fossil Fishes, Which Are Bony And Lustrous, Now Regarded As A Group-name For A Rather Heterogeneous Series Of Low And Chiefly Extinct Fishes. They Are Distinguished From The Clasmobranchs By Their Scales, Their ...
Ganges
Ganges, Gadjez, One Of The Greatest Rivers Of Asia, And "the Sacred River Of The Hindus,') Rises In The Himalaya Mountains, In The Prov Ince Of Garhwal, Northern India. It Is Formed By The Junction Of Two Head Streams, Respec Tively Called The Bhagirathi And The Alaknanda, Which Unite At ...
Ganghofer
Ganghofer, Gin Ludwig, Ba Varian Poet, Dramatist, Novelist And Statesman: B. 7 July 1855 At Kaufbenren. He Was The Son Of August G. (1826-1900), Who Bore The Title Of Oberforstrat And Was The Author Of Several Useful Books On Forestry. As A Youth He Showed Ability In Mechanics And Was ...
Gangrene
Gangrene, Gan'gren, The Term Applied To Death Of Soft Tissue In Masses Large Enough To He Seen. There Are Two Forms, Differing In Causation, Appearance And Progress. Dry Or Senile Gangrene Results From The Gradual Occlu Sion Of Arteries, The Venous Return Being Unim Paired. For Weeks Or Months The ...
Ganz
Ganz, Wilhelm, Eminent Musician: B. Mainz, Germany, 6 Nov. 1833; D. London, 12 Sept. 1914. At The Age Of 15 He Came To Lon Don With His Father, Who Was Chorus Master At Her Majesty's Theatre. In 1850 He Defi Nitely Settled In London As An Accompanist, In Which Capacity ...
Garbage
Garbage Is Kitchen Refuse And Table Waste, Offal Or Discarded Material From The Preparation And Use Of Human Food. Assembled, It Is An Ever-varying Mixture Of Animal And Vegetable Food Waste, The Nitrogenous Or Pro Teids Being Largely In Excess Of The Non-nitro G Enous Properties. Garbage Decomposes Rapidly In ...
Garcia Y Iniguez
Garcia Y Iniguez, A &nye' Gas, Calixto, Cuban Patriot: B. Holguin, Cuba, 14 Oct. 1836; D. Washington, D. C., 11 Dec. 1898. In 1868, With Donato Del Marmol And Carlos Manuel Cespedes, He Organized The Revo Lution Known As The "ten Years' War." In The Early Part Of The Struggle ...
Garcilaso De La Vega
Garcilaso De La Vega, La's6 Da La Viega (properly Garcias Laso De La Vega), Spanish Poet: B. Toledo, 6 Feb. 1503; D. Nice, 14 Oct. 1536. His Father Was Councillor Of State To Ferdinand And Isabel; And Later Ambassador At The Court Of Rome; And His Mother Belonged To The ...
Garden
Garden. The Earliest Known Gardens Are Those Of Solomon, Which Are Described As Having Been Of Quadrangular Form, Surrounded By High Walls. They Contained Aviaries, Wells And Streams Of Water. The Gardens Of Cyrus And Other Persian Monarchs Were Of Great Ex Tent, And Generally Laid Out In Romantic Situa ...
Garden Cities
Garden Cities. The Disassociation Of The Idea Of Home Life With Modern Existence In The Metropolitan Centres Is A Matter Of Serious Concern To The Social Economist. In The Body Politic The City Is Merely A Commercial Organ, A Convenience In The Nation's Commerce, A Clearing House For Domestic And ...
Gardiner
Gardiner, Samuel Rawson, English Historian: B. Ropley, Hampshire, 4 March 1829; D. Sevenoaks, Kent, 23' Feb. 1902. He Was Educated At Christ Church, Oxford, Studied Also At Edinburgh And Gotungen; Was Pro Fessor Of History At King's College, London, In 1877-85, Historical Lecturer For The University Extension Society In 1880-94, ...
Garfield
Garfield, James Abram, 20th Presi Dent Of The United States : B. Orange, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 19 Nov. 1831 ; D. Elberon, N. J., 19 Sept. 1881. On His Father's Side He Was Of English Puritan Descent ; On His Mother's, Hu Guenot. The Father, A Native Of New York, ...
Garfish Gar
Gar, Garfish, Or One Of Two Sorts Of Fish, Both Long And Slender, With A Prolonged Spear-like Snout Filled With Teeth, And Hence Bearing Such Local Names As Abill-fish,* Aneedle-fish,d Thony-pike,'> Etc.; And ((green Bone,'" Because Of The Greenish Tinge On The Bones. The Group Originally Called Was That Of ...
Gargantua And Pantagruel
Gargantua And Pantagruel (la Vie Tree Horrifigue Du Grand Gargantua And Pantagruel, Roi Des Dipsodes) Is The Literary Monument Of Francois Rabelais. The Signifi Cance Of The Work For Its Time Is Likely To Be Misapprehended By Readers Grown More Squeamish, Even In Speaking, Than He Was In Writing Or ...
Gargoyle
Gargoyle (late Latin Gargula, Old French Gargouille, Throat), A Carved Or Moulded Ornamental Figure Projecting At The Upper Part Of A Building, Either Connected With A Water Spout Or In General Design Resembling Those Satirical Figures Which Originally Decorated Water Spouts. Thus, In 'la Scultura Nel Duomo Di Milano' (milan ...
Garibaldi
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, Ital Ian Patriot: B. Nice, France, 4 July 1807; D. Island Of Caprera, Italy, 2 June 1882. His Father Being A Poor Fisherman He Received Little Education, And For A Number Of Years Was A Sailor On Various Trading Vessels. In 1834, Being Condemned To Death For His ...
Garland
Garland, Augustus Hill, American Lawyer: B. Near Covington, Tenn., 11 June 1832; D. Washington, D. C., 26 Jan. 1899. He Op Posed Secession As A Policy, But Was Afterward Elected To The Confederate Senate, Which Office He Held Till The Close Of The War. In 1874 He Was Elected Governor ...
Garland_2
Garland, Hamlin, American Lecturer And Novelist : B. Near West Salem, Wis., 16 Sept. 1860. When About 16 He Became A Pupil At The Cedar Valley Seminary, Osage, Iowa, Though Working As Usual On The Farm During Six Months Of The Year. He Was Graduated In 1881 From This School ...
Garrard
Garrard, Kenner, American Soldier: B. Cincinnati, Ohio, 1830; D. There, 15 May 1879. He Was Graduated From The United States Mil Itary Academy In 1851, Was Made Brevet Second Lieutenant In The Artillery, But In 1852 Was Trans Ferred To The Dragoons, And After Service, Largely In The Northwest, Was ...
Garrick
Garrick, David, English Actor: B. Here Ford, England, 19 Feb. 1717; D. London, 20 Jan. 1779. His Grandfather Was A French Refugee, His Father A Captain In The Army. He Was Edu Cated At The Grammar School At Lichfield. He Gave An Early Proof Of His Dramatic Tendency By Inducing ...
Garrison
Garrison, William Lloyd, American Re Former: B. In Newburyport, Mass., 12 Dec. 1805; D. New York, 24 May 1879. He Was Apprenticed To A Shoemaker, But Eventually Be Came A Compositor On The Newburyport Herald, An Occupation Which Suited His Taste; He Soon Made Himself Master Of The Mechanical Part ...
Garshin
Garshin, Vaevolod Mikhailo Vich, Russian Man Of Letters; B. Yekaterinoslav, 2 Feb. 1855, Of An Ancient Noble Family; D. 1888. His Childhood Was Not At All Joyous; He Was Surrounded By Unhappiness, His Earliest Antici Pations Of Life Were Dark. This State Of Pes Simism In A Child Was Aggravated ...
Garter
Garter, Order Of The, The Highest Order Of Knighthood In England. Two Stories Are Told Of Its Origin. The First Is That Richard I At The Siege Of Acre Caused Some Of His Officers To Tie Leather Thongs Around Their Legs As A Dis Tinction. The Origin Of The Order ...
Gary
Gary, Lake Ind., The Seat Of The Largest Steel Industry In The United States, And The Largest As Well As Youngest City In The Northwestern Part Of The State, Is Situated At The Extreme Southern End Of Lake Michigan, 10 Miles East Of The Indiana-illinois State Line, 26 Miles Southeast ...
Gas Lighting
Gas Lighting, High Pressure. High Pressure As Lighting Represents The Most Effi Cient Application Of The Energy In Illuminating Gas To The Production Of Light, And Is The Highest Development Of The Use Of The Bunsen Burner In Connection With The Welsbach Incandescent Mantle. The Principle Involved Is Simply The ...
Gas Poisoning
Gas Poisoning, Poisoning Vapors Of Various Substances When Taken Into The Body Through The Air Passages. Theoretically, A Large Number Of Substances Used In The Arts May Cause Gas Poisoning; Practically, There Are Only A Few That Seriously Endanger Health Or Life. In General, Gaseous Substances Must Reach A Certain ...
Gas Producer
Gas Producer. The Preliminary Re Quirement In Using Any Form Of Fuel Is Its Con Version Into A Gas In Order That It May Com Bine More Readily With The Oxygen In The Com Bustion Process. Whether The Gas Thus Ob Tained Is Combustible, I.e., Whether It Enters Into Combination ...
Gaseous Fuels
Gaseous Fuels. The Principal Kinds Of Gaseous Fuel Which Are In Use At The Present Time For Power Producing Purposes Are Natural Gas And Pro Ducer Gas. A Certain Kind Of Uncarburetted Water Gas, Made By The Decomposition Of Steam In The Presence Of Incandescent-carbon, Is Also Used To A ...
Gases
Gases, Compressed. In General It May Be Stated That All Gases Are Included Under This Head, All Being Compressible To A Greater Or Less Extent. Specifically, However, The Term Has Come Into Use In The Industries Where It Is Used To Designate Those Gases Which By Compression Are Reducible To ...
Gases
Gases, Kinetic Theory Of. The Theory Which Regards Gases As Aggregates Of Discrete Particles (or °molecules))) Of Matter That Are Incessantly Flying About And Colliding With One Another, The Space In Which They Are Moving Being Presumably Absolutely Vacuous, Save For The Omnipresent Luminiferous Ether. (see Ether). According To This ...
Gases Gas
Gases. Gas, Natural. By Recognized Usage The Term "natural Has Been Restricted To The Inflammable Gases Found Accumulated In Reser Voirs In The Earth's Crust — Leaving The Equally Natural Supplies Of Carbonic Acid Gas And Of Nitrogen To Be Given A More Specific Title. In Composition, Various Samples Of ...
Gases In Mines And
Gases In Mines And Coal. Gases Of Several Kinds Are Given Off By Rocks And Es Pecially By Coal In Mining. Some Of These Gases Are Poisonous And Some Are Explosive So That Fresh Air Has To Be Forced Through Most Under Ground Workings To Ventilate Them. More Or Less ...
Gases_2
Gases, Liquefaction Of. It Has Also Been Long Known That Most Solids Can Be Transformed Into Liquids By The Application Of Heat, And That Many Liquids Can Also Be Transformed Into Vapor By A Further Addition Of Heat. Conversely, It Was Known That Certain Aeriform Substances, Such As Steam, Can ...
Gasillumination
Gasillumination, History Of. The Development Of Gas Lighting Can Properly Be Placed To The Credit Of The 19th Century. Spirit Of Coal, Produced By The Distillation Of Coal, Was Known As Far Back As 1739, And The Attention Of Robert Boyle Was Called To This Substance By Dr. Clayton, Bishop ...
Gaskell
Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn Steven Son, English Novelist : B. Chelsea, 29 Sept. 1810; D. Alton, Hampshire, 12 Nov. 1865. She Was Brought Up By An Aunt At Knutsford In Cheshire, Where She Spent The Greater Part Of Her Early Life. This Town Is Said To Be The Original Of The ...
Gasoline
Gasoline, A Colorless, Inflammable Liquid, One Of The Lighter Distillates Of Petroleum. In Early Use It Was A General Name For All The Lighter Oil Ranking Above Kerosene, But As Mineral Oil Came To Be Separated Into A Larger Number Of Grades, Of Varying Specific Gravity, Gasoline Became The Accepted ...
Gasometric Analysis
Gasometric Analysis. In • Chemis Try, The Art Of Separating And Of Estimating, Quantitatively, The Several Constituents Of A Gaseous Mixture. The Methods Employed May He Divided Into Three General Classes: (1) Those Based On Diffusion; (2) Those Based Upon The Absorption Of Certain Constituents By Sub Stances Over Or ...
Gasparin
Gasparin, Valerie Bounder, Concressz De, French Author: Wife Of A. E. De Gasparin (q.v.) B. Geneva, Switzerland, 13 Sept. 1813; D. Near Geneva, 1894. Two Of Her Works Ob Tained The Montyon Prize At The Academie Fran Caise: 'marriage From The Christian Point Of View,' And 'there Are Poor In ...
Gasper
Gasper, The, British Revenue Vessel, Burned 1772. She Was An Armed Schooner Of Eight Guns, Stationed At The Entrance Of Narra Gansett Bay To Prevent That Evasion Of The Brit Ish Navigation Laws Which Had Largely Built Up The Prosperity Of The Atlantic Coast And Was Al Most The Entire ...
Gasquet
Gasquet, Gas'ica', Francis Aidan, Car Dinal, English Catholic Divine And Historian: B. London, 5 Oct. 1846. He Was Educated At Downside, Became A Novice Of The Benedictines At Belmont In 1865 And Was Ordained To The Priesthood In 1874. He Was Prior Of Downgide From 1878 To 1885. During His ...
Gastritis
Gastritis, A General Term That Includes All Strictly Inflammatory Diseases Of The Stomach. Acute Gastritis Or Acute Gas Tric Catarrh Is An Acute Inflammation Of The Lin Ing Mucous Membrane. The Membrane Be Comes Swollen, Is Covered By A Coating Of Tena Dons Mucus And Tends To Bleed At Minute ...
Gastropoda
Gastropoda, The Largest And Most Typical And Familiar Of The Four Classes Of Mol Lusks (phylum Mollusca). The Name Refers To The Most Prominent Tribal Characteristics, Namely, That The Inferior Surface Of The Body Forms A Flattened Sole Or Disc Called By The Contractions Of Which The Animal Ad Vances. ...
Gateway
Gateway, The Opening In A Castle Or Other Wall Which May Be Closed By A Door Or Gate Hung At Its Edge. The Gateway Being A Most Important Point In All Fortified Places, Is Usually Protected By Various Devices. It Is Flanked By Towers With Loopholes, From Which Assailants May ...
Gatling
Gatling, Richard Jordan, American In Ventor: B. Hertford County, N. C., 12 Sept. 1818; D. New York, 1903. While A Boy He As Sisted His Father In Perfecting A Machine For Sowing Cotton Seed, And Another For Thinning Out Cotton Plants. Subsequently He Invented A Machine For Sowing Rice. Removing ...
Gauge
Gauge, Gaj, The Name Of Many Different Instruments And Appliances Used For Measuring Various Dimensions, Forces, Etc. The Various Kinds Of Gauge Are Distinguished By Means Of Special Names Indicating The Use To Which They Are Applied. Among The Most Important Con Trivances Of This Nature Are The Instruments Fixed ...
Gauntlets
Gauntlets (spelled Also Gantlets). A Defensively Armored Glove. Before The 14th Century Already The Sleeves Of The Chain Mail Hauberk Had Become Extended Over The Hand, And, Through An Opening In The Palm Side, The Hand Could Be Extracted, Leaving The Hand Free And The Glove Part Hanging Like A ...
Gautier
Gautier, Theophile, French Poet And Prose Writer: B. Tarbes, France; 31 Aug. 1811; D. Paris, 23 Oct. 1872. He Was Educated At The Grammar School Of His Native Town, And After Ward At The College Charlemagne In Paris. He Applied Himself At First, But Without Much Suc Cess, To Painting; ...
Gawain
Gawain, Gi'wan, Nephew Of King Arthur, Son Of Loth Of Orkney, And The Most Famous Hero Of The Arthurian Cycle. He Is Supposed To Have Reigned In Galloway, Was Dispatched As Ambassador To The Roman Camp, Accompanied Arthur To England And Was Slain In The Battle Which Took Place Soon ...
Gaynor
Gaynor, William Jay, American Jurist And Public Official: B. Whitestown, Oneida County, N. Y., 23 Feb. 1848; D. At Sea, 10 Sept. 1913. He Was Educated At The Whitestown Academy And Assumption Academy, And Studied Theology For About Three Years At Saint Louis, Mo. He Traveled For Sometime, Taught School ...
Gaza
Gaza, Ga'zs, Syria, An Ancient Town, Capi Tal Of The District Of The Same Name, About Three Miles From The Mouth Of The River Gaza, 50 Miles From Jerusalem, On The Highroad Between Egypt And Damascus. The Bazaar And Markets Are Of Considerable Importance. Gaza Is A Depot For Barley ...
Gazelle
Gazelle, A Small Antelope Of The Genus Gazella, Or Some Related Genus, Exemplified By The %rid° Or Of The Saharan And Syrian Deserts, Famous In Poetic Literature. The Group Contains Some 25 Species Scattered Throughout All Africa And Southern Asia; And As A Whole Is Characterized By Small Or Mod ...
Gazetteer
Gazetteer, A Geographical Dictionary. The First Work Of This Kind With Which We Are Acquainted Is That Of Stephen Of Byzantium, Who Lived In The Beginning Of The 6th Century. We Have Only An Abridgment Of It. The First Modern Work Of The Kind Is The 'dictionarium Historico-geographicum) (geneva 1565), ...
Gears
Gears, The Moving Parts Of A Mechanism For The Transmission Of Motion. The Commoner Gears May Be Grouped Into Six Classes : (1) Spur Gears; (2) Bevel Gears; (3) Worm Gear Ing; (4) Spiral Gear; (5) Helical Gear; And (6) Chain Gearing. Spur Gears Are Toothed Wheels In Which The ...
Gebert
Gebert, Grbert, Johannes Sophus, American Sculptor : B. Schleswig, Denmark, 10 Dec. 1852. Worked As A Wood Carver From 1867-72, Graduated With Honors From The Royal Academy Of Fine Arts, Copenhagen, 1875. Worked In Paris 1877-78, Exhibited At The Salon 1878 A Colossal Group, 'the Norse God Thor Wrenching The ...
Gebhardt
Gebhardt, Eduard Von, German Painter: B. Saint Johannes, Esthonia, 13 June 1838. He Studied At The Petrograd Academy In 1854-57, And Later With Wilhelm Sohn At Diisseldorf, Where He Established His Studio And Attracted Much Attention By His Religious Works, In Which He Treated Biblical Scenes After The Manner Of ...