GAZETTEER, a geographical dictionary. The first work of this kind with which we are acquainted is that of Stephen of Byzantium, who lived in the beginning of the 6th century. We have only an abridgment of it. The first modern work of the kind is the 'Dictionarium Historico-Geographicum) (Geneva 1565), by Charles Stephens, with additions by N. Lloyd (Oxford 1670, and London 1686). The works of Ferrari Geographicum,) 1627) and Baudrand ('Geographia Ordine Literarum Dis posita,' 1682) are full of the strangest errors. Those of Maty (1701), Thomas Corneille (1708), and Savonarola (1713) were based on the with additions and corrections. The (Dictionnaire Geographique, Historique et Critique,' of La Martiniere (1726), superseded all that had gone before it, though it retained many errors. The 'Geographisch-Statistisches of the eminent German geog rapher Hassel (1817) was the result of labori ous and judicious investigations. The 'Univer sal Gazetteer,' by Cruttwell (London 1808) and the 'Edinburgh Gazetteer) (1817-22), once the principal works of the kind in English, were in course of years superseded by several others, among them Macculloch's 'Geographical Dic tionary,' Blackie's 'Imperial (Glas gow 1850), Lippincott's 'Pronouncing Gazet teer of the World' (Philadelphia 1855, com pletely rewritten with new editions and re visions 1911), and Longmans' 'Gazetteer of the World' (London 1906). The most valuable
among European gazetteers further include the French 'Dictionnaire Geographique Universel,) Saint-Martin's 'Nouveau Dictionnaire de Geo graphie Universelle' (Paris 1879-1900), and Ritter's Lexikon) (Leipzig 1874; 9th ed., 1905 et seq.); also Garollo's (Dizionario geographico universals' (Milan 1898), notably accurate. There are also gazetteers confined to individual States of the Union, and others to particular countries of the world. Among the latter is the elaborate 'Gazetteer of India' by Hunter (London 1886 88).