The following are benevolent institutions for colored: Carrie Steele• Orphan Home, Leonard Street Orphan Home (Atlanta) • Colored Orphan Home and Industrial School, Chatham Colored Orphan Home (Savannah, Chatham County) ' • Negro Orphan Home (Augusta); Negro Orphan Home (Macon).
Local Tax The following counties supplement the State public school fund with a local school tax: Bacon, Ben Hill, Bibb, Bryan, Burke, Butts, Camden, Chatham, Clarke, Clinch, Coffee, Columbia, Crisp, DeKalb Echols, Emanuel, Fulton, Glascock, Glynn, Han cock, Hart, Henry, Houston, Irwin, Jasper, Jeff Davis, Jenkins, Jones, Lee, McIntosh, Mitchell, Monroe, Montgomery, Morgan, Muscogee, Newton, Pulaski, Quitman, Rabun, Randolph, Richmond, Screven, Spalding, Stewart, Talbot, Terrell, Tift, Walton, Wayne, Wheeler, Worth.
State The State constitu tion adopted in 1877 carefully guards the rights of the people and prevents extravagant appro priations by the legislature. The governor is elected for two years and receives a salary of $5,000. The state-house officers are: the attor ney-general, comptroller-general, adjutant-gen eral, treasurer, secretary of state, state school commissioner, commissioner of agriculture, commissioner of commerce and labor, State geblogist, State librarian, commissioner of pen sions, three prison commissioners and three railroad commissioners. The prison commis sioners have charge of prisons and of highways. The Supreme Court consists of one chief jus tice arid five associate, justices. The Court of Appeals consists of six judges. There are 28 superior court circuits, each having a judge ind a -solicitor. Georgia is represented in the national Congress by two senators and 12 repre sentatives.
Population and Division.— The population of Gebrgia at each census is as follows: (1790) 82,548; (1800) 162,686; (1810) 252,433; (1820) 340,985; (1830) 576,823; (1840) 691,392; (1850) 906,185; (1860) 1,057,286; 1870) 1,184,109; (1880) 1,542,180; (1890) 1,83 ,353; (1900) 2, 216,331; (1910) 2,609,121. The total white population in 1900 was 1,181,109, and the total colored •1,034,998. There are 152 counties in the State. The total white population in 1910 was 1,431,802, and the total negro population VMS 1, 176,987. There were also 95 Indians, 233 Chi nese and 4 Japanese. The total native popula tion was 2,593,644 and the total foreign 15,477. The total United States estimate for 1916 is 2,800i000.
Of 372 incorporated places in Georgia 40 had a population to 1910 of more than 2,000 and 23 of, these had a population in excess of 5,000. Atlanta, the capital, had 154,839; Savannah, the chief seaport, had 65,064; Augusta, one of the greatest cotton manufaoturing cities of the South, had 41,040; Macon had 40,665; Colum bus, another great cotton manufacturing city, had 20,554. Other cities of the State having over 7,000 inhabitants in 1910 are: Albany, 8,190; Athens, 14,913; Brunswick, 10,182; Americus, 8i063; Rome, 12,099; Griffin, 7,476; Waycross, 14,485; Valdosta, 7,656. Atlanta has, by United States census estimates, 190,000 in 1916, and Savannah, 75,000.
History.— A charter for the establishment of the colony of Georgia was obtained from George II, king of England, in June 1732, by a number of benevolent gentlemen of London. whose design was to found a home for the poor of Great Britain and a place of refuge for the Salzbeirgen and other persecuted sects of the continent of Europe. The colony was also in tended as a military settlement to serve as a barrier against encroachments of the Spaniards upon South Carolina. • Gen. James Edward Oglethorpe, a man of great liberality and of marked ability and experience in military af fairs, being selected by the trustees as governor, brought over 116 emigrants. Landing at Varna
craw Bluff on 12 Feb. 1733, they laid the foun dations of the city of Savannah and colony of Georgia. At first rum and slavery were prohib ited, but in 1747 these restrictions were removed. During the 10 years of Oglethorpe's adminis tration many settlers of a very desirable kind were brought into the colony, peace with the Indians was secured by treaties, their lands being in every instance procured by purchase, a formidable Spanish invasion was defeated, John and Charles Wesley and George Whitfield preached to the people and Whitfield founded the Orphan Home at Bethesda, a few miles from Savannah. In 1752 the trustees of Geor gia surrendered their rights to the Crown and in 1754 John Reynolds was appointed governor. At the close of the French and Indian War the boundaries of Georgia, which had embraced a territory between the Savannah and the Alta maha rivers, were extended to the Mississippi on the west, and to latitude 31° and the Saint Mary's River on the South. Subsequently they were extended on the south to lat. 30° 21' 39'. Georgia united with other colonies in resisting the aggressions of the mother country. On 11 May 1775 Col. Joseph Habersham and Com modore Bowen and 30 volunteers seized the powder magazine at Savannah and secured 13,000 pounds of powder, of which the Georgia authorities sent 5,000 pounds to the Conti nental army at Boston. In March 1776 the Georgians under Colonel McIntosh aided by the Carolinians under Colonel Bull burned three and disabled six out of 11 merchant vessels which under the protection of some British war ves sels were endeavoring to carry on trade with some loyalist planters. In April 1776 Georgia instructed her delegates in Congress to vote for Independence. The signers of the Declaration on the part of Georgia were Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall and George Walton. In December 1778 the British captured Savannah and early in 1779 Augusta. But the Carolinians under Andrew Pickens and the Georgians under John Dooly and Elijah Clarke by the victory of Kettle Creek recovered Augusta. Subsequently the British defeated Ashe at Brier Creek and repulsed the combined attack of the Americans under Lincoln and the French under D'Estaing at Savannah. This battle at Savannah was one of the most important conflicts of the Revolu tion. After the fall of Charleston, S. C., in 1780, the British overran all eastern Georgia. But Col. Elijah Clarke made a desperate effort to retake Augusta. Failing, he tried again in 1781 and by the assistance of Pickens and "Light Horse" Harry Lee succeeded. Almost the last fight of the Revolution was Wayne's victory over the Indian Allies of the British, near Savannah, 23 June 1782. On 11 July 1722 Savannah was evacuated by the British and the authority of Georgia was established over all her borders. On 2 Jan. 1788 a convention of delegates from the different counties of the State at Augusta ratified the Constitution of the United States on the behalf of Georgia. • In 1802 Georgia ceded to the Federal gov ernment all her lands west of the Chattahoo chee embracing the greater part of the present States of Alabama and Mississippi. In 1807 Milledgeville became the capital. During the second war with Great Britain 1812-15 the Georgians under Gen. John Floyd gained sev eral battles over the Indians and shared with the Tennesseeans in the decisive victories won over the savages by Gen. Andrew Jackson. In the Mexican War, Georgia's sons were distin guished, among whom Col. James S. McIntosh was Wiled at Molino del Rey and W. H. T. Walker was desperately wounded at Chapulte PCT.