For several years after the close of the war, several questions which it engendered remained unadjusted; and meantime there arose new questions which increased the sources of irrita tion. The clash of interests and the parade of words produced various psychological changes in popular sentiment which were not easily con trolled by the two governments; but gradually j passions subsided, jingoism waned and antago nisms were replaced by conditions of friendly rivalry and mutual reliance.
In the meantime new conditions on the Pacific and in the Red River region west of Lake Superior threatened to complicate Anglo American relations, already embarrassed by questions of British neutrality in connection with Confederate cruisers, and finally induced the British government and Upper Canada to take steps to secure confederation and con solidation of the British-American provinces to counteract the danger of American annexation. Later, following the American acquisition of Alaska, Anglo-Canadian consolidation policy took another step in the construction of the trans-Canadian Railway to the Pacific —to frustrate American influence in British Colum bia. In 1869-70, after the failure of the John son-Clarendon Treaty, and perhaps influenced by a proposed policy requiring Great Britain to withdraw from all British-America, the Irish Fenians threatened to complicate inter national relations by plans to invade Canada.
The Treaty of Washington, resulting from negotiations after the American government dropped the flag-withdrawal proposal — negotia tions doubtless hastened and facilitated by the condition of affairs in Europe, where France was succumbing to the rising power of Ger many— was a great landmark in the adjust ment of international questions. It submitted to arbitration three disputed questions — Ala bama claims, the San Juan boundary and the Northeastern fisheries — and it also contained several other clauses (concerning bonded tran sit, coasting trade, navigation of rivers and canals), which directly affected subsequent rela tions between Canada and the United States, but it failed to renew the principle of the Reciprocity Treaty requested by the British Canadians.
Meantime, the British doctrine of indefeas ible allegiance, a source of considerable con troversy, especially following the'British arrest of naturalized American citizens natives of Ireland for aiding the Fenian movement after 1866, was ended by the British Naturalization Act of 1870 followed by a naturalization treaty of 13 May 1870, the principle of which had been settled by a protocol signed at London as early as 9 Oct. 1868.
Although there was a marked improvement of international feeling, various controversies continued to arise — especially in regard to the use of canals, the questions of tariffs and reci procity and the transmission of goods in bond.
The complications of threatening relations were often the result of the necessity of indirect negotiations of Canadian questions through the mother country. This condition was reme died in 1887 by a concession of Great Britain allowing Canada a share in negotiation of her own commercial treaties. In 1890 the Cana dian Dominion government, by its protest, pre vented the execution of the Blaine-Bond reci procity treaty between the United States and Newfoundland.
A sporadic difficulty concerning extradition, especially concerning the invalidation of the treaty agreement of 1842, was finally terminated by an Anglo-American agreement of 1889 which conformed to the British Extradition Act of 1870, forbidding surrender for political of fenses, and requiring assurances that only the alleged crime would be charged. The range of extradition was extended to include criminal fugitives of all kinds. In 1889 an act of the Canadian Parliament authorized the surrender of fugitives from justice even in cases not in cluded in treaty arrangements.
Other chief subjects of controversy between 1880 and 1897 were, the Atlantic fisheries, Bering Sea fur fisheries, control of the pro posed isthmian canal, Pacific islands and the Venezuelan boundary. For several years the North Atlantic fisheries threatened to disturb friendly relations. The fishery agreement of the Treaty of Washington was terminated in 1885 by a notice of the United States given in 1883. This restored the conditions under the treaty of 1818 and resulted in the enforcement of .irritating Canadian restrictions. The Cana dian authorities desiring to force a renewal of reciprocity which would allow free entry of Canadian fish into the United States, in 1885 began to seize vessels of American deep sea fishers, who, although they did not need to fish within the three-mile limit, were obliged to use Canadian harbors. In 1888 the Cleveland ad ministration submitted to the Senate a treaty on the old reciprocity basis, but it was defeated by the representatives of the American fisher men who, largely because of the discontinuance of fishing bounties in 1866, were unwilling to admit equal competition. A temporary modes vivendi of 1888, reached by an international commission of six, for many years remained the only basis of the fishing industry in Cana dian waters. The arrangement, although Premier Bond of Newfoundland proposed to abrogate it after the failure of the Hay-Bond Treaty of 1905, was continued by Canada and by Newfoundland until the question was set tled by the Hague tribunal in 1910.