GOYA Y an'tas', Francisco Jose de, Spanish artist, caricaturist, etcher and designer: b. Fuende todas, Aragon, 30 March 1746; d. Bordeaux, France, 16 April 1828. Goya's name ranks with those of Velasquez and Murillo in the history of Spanish art. Of peasant birth, he led an early roving and somewhat dissipated life, his brilliant talents as an artist and a musician with the gift of song making him a favorite both with the wealthy and poorer classes. With the latter he was obviously more in sympathy, and from their daily life drew the picturesque subjects and motives which he turned out in a profusion of sketches, paint ings, water colors, portraits, genre pictures, caricatures, designs and etchings. He was equally gifted in all lines of his art and his works in the satirical grotesque are described by Theophile Gautier as "a mixture of Rem brandt, Watteau and the comical dreams of Rabelais," while Champfleury compares him to Daumier, the greatest of modern French car icaturists. His early training in art began under Martinez at Saragossa, near his native village, and afterward at Madrid under Bayeu, whose daughter he subsequently married. To broaden his experience, he joined a traveling troupe of toreadors so as to reach Rome, where he spent a profitable period in the ex amination of the great art collections and in mingling with the everyday life of the people. In 1772, signing his sketch uPupil of Bayeu, painter to the King of Spain," he received sec ond prize in a competition from the Academy of Parma. On his return to Spain he began his professional career by painting from 1772 74 the 'Adoration of God,' ceiling frescoes of the church of Santa Maria at Saragossa, and the frescoes of the (Life of the Virgin' at the Carthusian Convent, Cartuja Aula Dei, six miles north of Saragossa. From 1775-91 he designed cartoons of contemporary Spanish life for the royal manufactory of tapestries at Santa Barbara, Madrid; in 1868, long after his death, 43 of these were discovered in a cellar of the royal palace. In 1788 he was elected honorary member of the Academy of San Fer nando, and was appointed painter of the cham ber to King Charles IV, in 1798 becoming chief royal painter. In 1793 he had replaced
Calleja as lieutenant director of the Academy of San Fernando. Spain's political unrest in terfered wi h his career from 1808 until 1813, and later he was compelled to leave Spain. He visited Paris in 1822, returned for a short pe riod to Madrid in 1827, but spent the few last years of his life at Bordeaux where a monu ment marks his grave. His greatest work is the series of cupola frescoes portraying the life of Saint Anthony, completed in 1798 for the church of San Antonio de la Florida, near Manzanares. He excelled inportraiture and notable are the paintings of Charles III; equestrian portraits of Charles IV and Queen Maria Louisa; a family group of Charles IV; a family group of the Duke of Ossuna; a por trait of himself in the Academy of San Fer nando, where also is his famous double por trait of 'La Maya,' a lovely young female, slightly draped, and nude. In the museum of the Hispanic Society in New York is the por trait of his inamorata, the beautiful Duchess of Alva, also a portrait of General Forastera and several drawings. His of Tan gier' and his portrait of Don Sebastian Mar tinez are in the Metropolitan Museum of New York city. His work is more popularly known through his numerous etchings, descriptive and satirical, widely reproduced, especially the bull fighting series, insurrection street fights, folk picture, genre subjects and by his later essays in lithography of which the 'Bulls of Bor deaux' is a well-known example. 'Los Proverbios' (Proverbs) and (Los Caprichos' (Caprices), virile, weird, grotesque caricatures of established society and religion, with hidden meanings known only to the initiated, are his chief etchings. Consult Hofmann, (Catalogue of Goya Etchings' (Vienna 1907); Hunter, 'Tapestries' (New York 1912) ; Vilaamil, 'Los tapices de Goya' (Madrid 1870); also biogra phies by Brunet (Paris 1865) ; Calvert (Lon don 1908); Hind, 'Great Engravers' (London 1911); Muther (London 1905); Stokes (New York 1914); Von Loga (Berlin 1903) • Yriarte (Paris 1867) ; Zapater (Saragossa 1868).