GRAHAM, James Duncan, American topo graphical engineer: b. Prince William County, Va., 4 April 1799; d. Boston, 28 Dec. 1865. Graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1817, he entered the corps of topo graphical engineers, in which he attained major's rank in 1838, was astronomer to the survey which determined the boundary line be tween the United States and the republic of Texas (1839-40), and later United States astronomer in the joint survey of the boundary between the United States and the British provinces. In the determination also of the boundary between the United States and Mex ico he held a similar post. Subsequently he directed harbor improvements in the lakes of the North and Northwest, in which he was the first to detect the presence of a lunar tide, and was superintending engineer of the Boston harbor sea-walls and of repairs in various har bor-works along the Atlantic Coast.
GRAHAM,John, VISCOUNT DUNDEE, com monly called CLAVERHOUSE, Scottish com mander: b. near Dundee, Scotland, about 1649; d. Killiecrankie, 27 July 1689. He was educated at the University of Saint Andrews, went abroad and entered the service, first of France and afterward of Holland, distinguished himself at the battle of Seneff in 1674, but returned to Scotland in 1677, where he was appointed cap tain of a troop of horse raised to enforce com pliance with the establishment of Episcopacy. He distinguished himself by an unscrupulous zeal in this service, and waged an exterminating war against conventides. The Covenanters were driven to resistance and a body of them de feated Claverhouse at Drumclog on 1 June 1679. The Duke of Monmouth, however, defeated the insurgents at Bothwell Brig on 22 June, and Claverhouse was then sent into the west of Scotland with absolute power and exercised it in such a manner as to lead to the belief that in addition to the persecuting policy of his superiors he was actuated by personal revenge.
The more terrible he made himself to the Covenanters the more acceptable his career was to the government. He rose to the rank of major-general and became a member of the Scottish Privy Council. In November 1688, after William had landed, he received from James in London the titles of Lord Graham of Claver house and Viscount Dundee. When the king fled he was in London, but was permitted to proceed to Scotland. He made his escape from Edinburgh with a small company of horse, declared for the king and speedily got together an army of Highlanders, 2,500 strong. He was followed by Mackay, on behalf of the Convention of Estates, whom he finally en countered in the pass of Killiecrankie and thoroughly routed, but was himself slain in the hour of victory. After that, his army melted away. Attempts have been made by Sir Walter Scott and others to throw a halo of romance and heroism around his character; but he was the willing instrument of a cruel gov ernment, of the worst government that ever ruled in Scotland, and had himself little senti ment or softness in his nature. Consult Napier, 'Memorials and Letters of John Graham of Claverhouse) (1859-62) ; biographies by Bar rington (1911); Mowbray Morris (1887) ; and Terry (1905) ; and Scotts 'Old Mortality) for the Cavalier point of view.