HEART IN ART AND SYMBOLISM. The heart is commonly considered the symbol of Charity. ' In ecclesiastical lore Pugin says : eThe heart is always regarded as the seat of the affettions,* hence emblem of the great love 'Of our Redeemer for the human race?) In art, he tells u$: 'The field of the heart should be of ruby color, as an emblem of the intensity of divine love.)) In ecclesiastical art an emblematic device is that termed the flamed heart)); it is in the form of a conven tional heart surmounted by flames. An inflamed heart is frequently placed between the hands of sculptured or painted saints to symbolize, in such cases, their love of God. The inflamed heart symbol is greatly favored by the Jesuits, who frequently represent Jesus Christ holding his robe open and displaying an abnormally large inflamed heart in the centre of the breast. According to Husenbeth the following saints have a heart as attribute: Francis of Sales has been pictured with the sacred heart of Jesus crowned with thorns above him in glory, or holding a heart in his hand; Saint Augustin has been variously depicted holding an inflamed heart, an arrow or two arrows crosswise in a heart; Saint Catherine of Siena has been rep resented as crowned with thorns, crucifix and inflamed heart, or with a crucifix upon a heart, or holding an inflamed heart; Saint Mary Magdalen of Pazzis has been pictured with an inflamed heart and crown of thorns; Saint Theresa has been depicted with an inflamed heart in her hand; Saint Jane Frances has been represented also holding a heart; Saint Anzano has been pictured carrying a heart and liver. An Egyptian method of interment was that of abstracting the human organs before the process of embalment and placing these separately in vases, termed "canonic)) (see Vsszs). One of the four vases held the heart and lungs and was surmounted by a cover representing a jackal head; it personified Tuamutef (a son of the god Horus) who presided over these two organs. Whether or not traceable to this ancient rite of the Nile dwellers, the fact re mains that during the 12th and 13th centuries the burial of the heart in a separate and dis tant tomb apart from the body of the deceased was a custom frequently carried out. It may have found its impulse in the Crusaders who dying in foreign lands were desirous that their hearts (sometimes supposed to be the seat of the soul) should find final repose on their native soil. The practise of burying parts of the body
in different places was forbidden by Pope Boni face VIII (end of 13th century), but Pope Benedict XI, his successor, allowed Philip le Bel to carry out this rite with members of his family. Known heart-burials of exalted per sons are: William of Estonville, archbishop of Rouen, at Rouen Cathedral, 1067; Stephen, brother of Alan the Black and Red, at Saint Mary's Abbey, York, 1104; Robert de Arbrissel; founder of 'the Order of Fontevrault, in a monas tery at Oman, 1117; Giffard, bishop of Win chester, at Waverly Abbey, 1127; King Henry I, at Saint Mary de Pre, Rouen, 1135; William, 3d. Earl of Warren, slain by the Turks in the Holy Land, 1147, had his heart sent to Eng land and deposited in Lewes Priory; King Rich ard I, the Lion-hearted (Cceur de Lion), of England, had his heart buried in Rouen, body at Fontevrault (Font-Everard), end of 12th cen tury; Louis VIII, at Auvergne, 1226; Henry III, of England, at Fontevrault (body in West minster Abbey), 1272; Philip It Hardi, at Saint Denis (bowels at Narbonne), 1285; Eleanor, mother of Edward I, in choir of Friars Predi cant, London (body in Westminster Abbey), 1290; Eleanor, wife of Edward I, heart in Black Friars, body in Westminster Abbey, bowels in Lincoln Cathedral, 1296; Edward I, at Jerusa lem, 1307. Robert Bruce, of Scotland, deputed Douglas to bury his heart in Jerusalem, but Douglas was killed in Spain fighting the Moors, and the Bruce heart was found in a silver case fastened to his neck; it was buried in West minster Abbey, 14th century. Louis XII, found heart-burial at La Chapelle d'Orleans, bowels at Les Celestins, 1515; Francois I, at Haute Brayere. Other kin s having separate heart burials were Henri I 1559; Francois II, 1560; Louis XIII, 1643; mperor Leopold, 1705; Louis XIV, 1715, etc. The list is so long of such heart-burials so far discovered that they have formed complete works. Consult Petti grew, T. J., 'Chronicles of the Tombs' (Lon don 1878) ; Hartshorn, Miss, 'Enshrined Hearts of Warriors and Illustrious People' (London 1865).