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Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 14

Coefficients Of Cubical Expansion
Coefficients Of Cubical Expansion Of Gases At Atmospheric Pressure. Air 0.003667 Carbon Monoxide 0.003667 Hydrogen 0.003662 Carbon Dioxide . 0 . 00372d Nitrogen 0 . 003668 Sulphur Dioidde . 0. 003845 Oxygen 0.003668 On=== The Convection Of Heat.— When The Air In Contact With A Hot Stove Becomes Warmed, It ...

Coefficients Of Linear Expansion
Coefficients Of Linear Expansion Of Solids. Aluminium 0.0000222 Pine Clorill34 Gold 0.0000147 Beech 0.101'126 Wroughtiron.... 0.0000121 Ash 0.0000095 Castillo!' 0.0000106 Mahogany.... 0.0000036 Lead. 0.0000271 Vulcanite 0.0000636 Platinum 0.0000093 Paraffin 0.0001303 Copper Quarts, Vitri Silver 0.0000297 0.0000192 Ice 0.0000510 Steel 0.0000123 Glass Tubing.. 0.0000083 German 0.0000183 (flan. Jena Inver 0.00000087 Therm. ...

Congress
Congress. The Members Of The House, According To The Constitution, Must Be 25 Years Of G Seven Years Citizens Of The United States Age, Residents Of The States Which Send Them: By Act Of 25 June 1842 They Must Be Chosen From Districts Formed Of Contiguous Territory (but See Gerrymander ...

Develop Ment
Develop Ment, The Term By Which The Engineering Profession Has Come To Designate The Production Of Water Power And Its Electrical Distribution For Use As Power, Light And Heat. About 1890 It Was Recognized By Some That A Change In Motive Power Was Imminent, And That Gradually The Steam-engine And ...

Development
Development. The Pelton Wheel Is Not Quite As Efficient Theoretically As A Turbine, Wasting From 5 To 7 Per Cent More Water; A Francis Turbine Will Deliver More Water For The Same Diameter Than A Pelton. But The Turbines Are More Compli Cated And More Costly, And Not So Well ...

Etc Hunting Game Laws
Hunting; Game Laws; Game Preserves, Etc. Bibliography.— Boone And Crockett Club, 'hunting In Many Lands> (new York 1895), 'trail And Campfire> (new York 1897) And Big Game Hunting> (new York 1910) ; Dixon, W. S., 'hunting In The Olden Days> (boston 1912) ; Dodge, R. I., 'the Hunting Grounds Of ...

Etc Treaties Of The
Slavery; Causes Of The Civil War; Recon Struction ; War With Spain, Etc.; Treaties Of The United States With Foreign Nations ; The Eastern Question; The Oregon Ques Tion; Emancipation In Latin-america; Pe Kin, Siege Of; Boers; South African War; Riel's Rebellion; War, European, Etc. D. C. 1277. Exodus Of ...

From The Reformation To
From The Reformation To The French Revolution. Monarchic States.— The Constant Warfare Of The 16th, 17th And 18th Centuries Is The Simplest Thread By Which To Connect The Other Movements Of The Age. Speaking Broadly, The Contests Of The First Half Of The Period, To 1648, Are °religious Wars," Catholic ...

H Kamon No Kami
H Kamon No Kami Naosuke, Oe-ee Kah-mono No Kii-mee, Nah-w5-soo-kee, The Japanese Statesman Who Succeeded In Open Ing Japan To Foreign Trade And Residence; B. 30 Nov. 1815; D. 24 March 1860. Descended From Ancestors (987-1011), Who Served The Mikado In Subduing The Ainu Aborigines. At 27, Ii Was Made ...

Hawaiian Islands
Hawaiian Islands, Diplomatic Re Lations Of The United States With. Immedi Ately Following The Dose Of The Revolution, American Vessels Engaged In The Northwest Trade Began To Stop At The Sandwich Islands, Which Had Been Discovered By Captain Cook In 1778. In 1791 Capt. Joseph Ingraham, The Mate Of The ...

Hawes Shop
Hawes' Shop, Cavalry Engagement Near. General Grant Had Crossed To The South Bank Of The North Anna, In Virginia, And Find Ing General Lee Too Strongly Posted To Be At Tacked, And His Own Army In A False And Criti Cal Position, He Withdrew, On The Night Of 26 May ...

Hawk
Hawk, Any Diurnal Bird Of Prey Not An Eagle Or A Vulture. As The General Character Istics Of This Group Have Been Given Under Falcowinz, And The Use Of Falcons In Sport Un Der Falconry, The General Term Will Be Treated From The Point Of View Of Economic Re Lations. ...

Hawthorne
Hawthorne, Nathaniel, American M Novelist: B. Salem, Ass., 4 July 1804; D. Plym Outh, N. H., 19 May 1864. The Founder Of The Family In America Was William Hathorne (as The Name Was Then Spelled), A Typical Puri Tan And A Public Man Of Importance. John, His Son, Was A ...

Haxo System Of Fortifica
Haxo System Of Fortifica Tion. A Bastion System Of Fortification In Troduced By Baron Francis Nicolas Benoit Haxo, A Prominent French Military Engineer, Employed By Napoleon, And Later Commanded At The Siege Of Antwerp In 1832. Casemated Batteries Of The System Have Earthen Parapets Along Their Front And Are Provided ...

Hay Pever
Hay Pever, A Nervous Affection Of The Mucous Membranes Of The Eyes, Nose, Mouth, Pharynx, Larynx, And Bronchi, Characterized By A Profuse Flow Of Secretion From The Nose And Of I Tears From The Eyes, And Accompanied In Some Cases By Asthma. It Is Induced By The Lodgment On The ...

Hayashi
Hayashi, Count Tadasu, Jap Anese Statesman And Diplomat B. Sakura, 1850; D. Tokio, 10 July 1913. As A Boy He Lived In The House Of An American Missionary To Learn English, And Later Was One Of The First Students Sent By The Japanese Government To London, Where He Studied At ...

Haydn
Haydn, Hedn (ger. Hicln), Franz Jo Seph, Austrian Musical Composer: B. Rohrau, On The Borders Of Hungary And Lower Aus Tria, 31 March .1732; D. Vienna, 31 May 1809. He Was The Son Of A Traveling Wheelwright Who Was Fond Of Music And Taught His 12 Children. Young Franz Showing ...

Hayes
Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, 19th Presi Dent Of The United States: B. Delaware, Ohio, 4 Oct. 1822; D. Fremont, Ohio, 17 Jan. 1893. He Was The Third Son Of Rutherford And Sophia (birchard) Hayes. His Earliest Paternal An Cestor In America Was George Hayes, A Scotch Man, Who, Prior To 1680, ...

Haymarket Square Riot
Haymarket Square Riot, A Dis Turbance Resulting In The Murder Of Several Policemen In Chicago, 4 May 1886, By A Bomb Thrown By An Anarchist. The Labor Troubles Had Long Been Exploited By The Anarchists (with Whom The Philosophic Anarch Ists Disclaim Connection), Who Denounced The Efforts For Shorter Hours ...

Haynes
Haynes, Ham, Elwood, American In-: Ventor: B. Portland, Ind., 14 Oct. 1857. He Was Graduated At The Worcester Polytechnic Institute In 1881 And In 1884-85 Took A Post Graduate Course At The University Of Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Md. He Was Employed As Science Teacher At The Eastern Indiana Normal School, ...

Hays
Hays, Willet Martin, American Agricul Turist And Plant Breeder: B. Hardin County, Iowa, 19 Oct. 1859. He Received His Academic Education In-oskaloosa College, After Which He Spent One Year In Drake University. He Grad Uated From The Iowa State College Of Agricul Ture In 1885. He Was Made An Assistant ...

Hazlitt
Hazlitt, Hazlit, William, English Critic And Essayist: B. Maidstone, Kent, 10 April 1778; D. Westminster, 18 Sept. 1830. His Father, A Friend Of Benjamin Franklin, Was A Unitarian Minister, And With His Family Was In The United States •1783-87, Locating At Philadelphia And Boston. In 1793 William Became A Student ...

Head
Head, The Anterior Or Front Part Of The Body Of An Animal When It Is Marked Off By A Difference In Size, Or By A Constriction. The Presence Or Absence Of A Head Was Formerly Much Used As A Character In Classification. But This Line Of Classification Is Artificial. The ...

Health
Health, Public, Regulation Of, Super Vision, Protective And Preventive Work Through Out The Nation, Carried On By The United States Public Health Service, A Branch Of The Treasury Department, Under The Directorship Of A Com Missioned Medical Officer, With The Title Of Surgeon-general. The Headquarters Is In Washington, D. C. ...

Health Education
- Health Education. Health In Struction In Connection With The Schools Was Inaugurated Under The Term Medical Inspection. The Original Purpose Was Not To Give Instruc Tion In Health To The Children In The Schools But To Utilize The Schools In Checking The Spread Of Contagious Diseases. The Movement Was ...

Health Insurance
Health Insurance. An Insurance Arrangement For The Purpose Of Providing In Demnity For Losses Sustained Because Of Sick Ness, These Losses Being Largely Of Two Kinds— Loss Of Earning Capacity During The Duration Of The Disease And Cost Of Medical And Other Aid Necessary For Recovery. It Is Known Through ...

Healy
Healy, John, Irish Roman Catholic Arch Bishop: B. Ballinafad, County Sligo, Ireland, 14 Nov. 1841. He Was Educated At Summerhill College, Athlone, And At Maynooth College. In 1867 He Was Ordained To The Priesthood, And Became Successively Professor At Summerhill College, Curate At Ballygar, County Galway, Curate At Grange, County ...

Heart
Heart, Anatomy And Functions Of The. The Continuity Of Life Depends Upon Nutrition Supplied To The Individual Organs That Together Constitute The Human Body. The Nutritive Ma Terial Is The Blood; Its Equable Distribution Is Accomplished By A Central Pumping Organ, Known As The Heart. Situation And Anatomical Relation.— This ...

Heart In Art And
Heart In Art And Symbolism. The Heart Is Commonly Considered The Symbol Of Charity. ' In Ecclesiastical Lore Pugin Says : Ethe Heart Is Always Regarded As The Seat Of The Affettions,* Hence Emblem Of The Great Love 'of Our Redeemer For The Human Race?) In Art, He Tells U$: ...

Heart Of Mid Lothian
Heart Of Mid-lothian, The. Sir Walter Scott's Novel, Published In 1818, Takes Its Title From The Old Tolbooth Prison In Edin Burgh, The Scene Of The Porteous Riots Of 1737, With A Description Of Which The Story Opens. The Narrative Involves A Varied Group Of Well Drawn Figures, English And ...

Heat
Heat. Until The Early Part Of The 19th Century, It Was Generally Believed That Heat Is A Substance Devoid Of Weight (imponderable), And Diffused Through The Mass Of Bodies. This Hypothetical Substance Was Called Caloric. Many Phenomena Seemed To Be Explained By The As Sumption Of The Existence Of Caloric, ...

Heating And Ventilation
Heating And Ventilation. Gen Erally Speaking, The Methods Of Heating Build Ings May Be Divided Into Two General Classes — The Direct And The Indirect System, Or A Com Bination Of The Two. Heating By Means Of An Open Fire, By A Stove And By Radiators Placed In The Rooms ...

Heaven
Heaven, In A Physical Sense, Is The Azure Vault Which Spreads Above Us Like A Hollow Hemisphere And Appears To Rest On The Limits Of The Horizon. Modern Astronomy Has Taught That This Blue Vault Is In Fact The Immeasur Able Space In Which Earth, Sun And Planets, With The ...

Hebbel
Hebbel, He'bel, Friedrich, German Dram Atist: B. Wesselburen (dithmarschen, Holstein, Then Belonging To Denmark, Now To Prussia), 18 March 1813; D. Vienna, 13 Dec. 1863. His Father Was A Stonemason, His Mother A Washer Woman, And The Conditions Of His Early Youth At Home Were Those Of The Most Frightful ...

Heber Springs
Heber Springs, Ark., Town And County Seat Of Cleburne County, On The Missouri And North Arkansas Railroad, 80 Miles North Of Little Rock. It Has Extensive Agricultural, Live Stock And Lumber Interests And Contains Saw Mills, Cotton Gins, Sash And Door Works, A Planing Mill, Etc., A New Courthouse, Public ...

Hebrew Music
Hebrew Music. From The Many Bible References To Music, The Inference Necessarily Arises That It Filled A Large Part In The Life Of The Ancient Hebrews. It Is Spoken Of Not Only In The Service Of Religion, Where It Might Natu Rally Have Been Looked For, But Also On The ...

Hebrews
Hebrews, One Of The Canonical Books Of The New Testament, Usually Spoken Of As °the Epistle To The Hebrews.* The Fact That It Lacks The Introductory Formula Naming Author And Recipients, To Be Expected In Every Ancient Letter, Has Led Some To Deny That This Writing Is A Letter. But ...

Hebrides
Hebrides, Heb'ri-dez, The, Or West Ern Islands, Scotland, An Archipelago Off The West Coast, Extending From Lat. 55° 35' To 58° 32' N.• The Most Southern Island Being Islay, And The Most Northern, Lewis. The Group Is Politically Divided Between The Shires Of Ross And Cromarty, Inverness And Argyll, Very ...

Heco
Heco, Hay'co, Joseph, The First Or Second Naturalized American Citizen Of Japanese Birth, Founder Of The First Newspaper In Japan: B. Kamiya, On The Inland Sea, 1837; D. 1892. In April 1850 With His Cousin And Nine Pilgrims He Embarked On A Junk, With Passenger Accom Modation For 70 Persons, ...

Hedda Gabler
Hedda Gabler. Ibsen, In Doll's House' (1880) And An Enemy Of The (1883), Had Preached The Necessity Of Vidualism, But, Perceiving That He Might Be Understood As An Upholder Of Self-interest In Opposition To The Welfare Of Others, He Turned In (1887) And (hedda Gabler' (1891) To Point The Danger ...

Hedgehog
Hedgehog, A Small Insectivorous Mam Mal Of The Old World Family Erinaceider, And Especially Of The Genus Erinaceus, Characterized By Its Coat Of Stiff Spines. The Family Inhabit Temperate Europe And Asia, But Are Not Known On Sea-girt Islands. The Best Known Of The Score Of Species Is The Common ...

Hedin
Hedin, Sven Anders, Svin In'clerz Hi-den', Swedish Geographer And Explorer: B. Stock Holm, 19 Feb. 1865; Was Educated At Stockholm, Upsala, Berlin And Haile, At The Latter Univer Sity Receiving The Degree Of Doctor Of Philoso Phy. In 1885 He Began His First Journey Of Ex Ploration Through Persia And ...

Hedonism
Hedonism Is The Name Applied To Any System Of Ethics Which Regards Pleasure Or Happiness As The Chief Good; As The Good, That Is, Which Makes All Other Goods Desirable And To .which They Are All Means. Not Only Money, Health And The Like Are Valuable Merely As Sources Of ...

Hegel
Hegel, Ha'gel, Georg Wilhelm Fried Rich, German Philosopher: B. Stuttgart, 27 Aug. 1770; D. Berlins 14 Nov. 1831. He Attended The Gymnasium Of His Native City, And In 1788 Was Matriculated At The University Of Tubingen, Where He Studied Theology, Finishing His Course Of Study In 1793. From 1793 To ...

Heidelberg
Heidelberg, Hi'desbe'rg, Germany, An Old University Town In Baden, On The Left Bank Of Thd Neckar, Here Spanned By Two Bridges, 11 Miles By Rail East-southeast Of Mannheim. It Stands On A Narrow Strip Between The River And The Rock On Which The Castle Is Built, And Chiefly Consists Of ...

Heidelberg University
Heidelberg University, Ger Many, A Renowned Institution Tounded By Elec Tor Rupert I In 1386. It Was Organized By Marsilius Von Inghen On The Model Of The Uni Versity Of Paris, And At The Reformation, From A Catholic Became A Protestant Stronghold Of Learning. It Flourished Until 1622, When Tilly ...

Heidenstam
Heidenstam, Verner Von, Swedish Poet And Novelist: B. Olshammar, Province Of Nerike, 6 July 1859. He Was At First Destined Be A Painter, But Had To Relinquish His Studies At The Stockholm Art Academy 'because Of In Health, Which Caused Him To Undertake Extensive Travels In Southern Europe And The ...

Heine
Heine, Hi'* Heinrich, German Poet: B. Dfisseldorf, 13 Dec. 1797 (according To Others, 1799) ; D. Paris, France, 17 Feb. 1856. His Father, Samson Heine, Of Hanover, Was A Merchant Of Honorable Family Which Sprang From Bfickeburg. He Was Good-natured But I Without Marked Intellectual Gifts And Of Little Business ...

Heinrich Von Ofterdingen
Heinrich Von Ofterdingen. This Fragmentary Romance By Novalis (fried Rich Van Hardenberg), Written 1799-1800 And Published By Tieck After The Author's Death (1801), Is The Masterpiece Of Early German Romanticism, The Supreme Representation Of Romantic Thought And Feeling. The Novel Was Planned Consciously To Be Both A Supplement To Goethe's ...

Heintzelman
Heintzelman, Hint's61-man, Samuel Peter, American Military Officer: B. Manheim, Pa., 30 Sept. 1805; D. Washington, D. C., 1 May 1880. Graduated At The United States Military Academy 1826, And Served During The Mexican War. In 1861 He Commanded A Division At Bull Run, Where He Was Wounded 21 July. After ...

Hejaz
Hejaz, He-jaz, Or Hedjaz, Arabia, Since November 1916, A Kingdom Of Which Mecca Is The Capital. It Comprises The Former Vilayet Of Hejaz, Extending From Akaba In The North To Asia In The South; The Area Is About 96,500 Square Miles Bordering The Red Sea Littoral And Is A Region ...

Helena
Helena, Mont., City And Capital Of The State And County-seat Of Lewis And Clark County, On The Northern Pacific And The Great Northern Railroads, About 70 Miles North By East Of Butte. The City Is Surrounded On All Sides By The Rocky Mountains; On The South And West The Mountains ...

Helena_2
Helena, Battle Of. Helena, Ark., Is On The West Bank Of The Mississippi River, About 82 Miles Below Memphis. Since 13 July 1862, When General Curtis Arrived There From Western Arkansas, It Had Been Occupied By Union Troops, And On 4 July 1863 Was Held By A Division Of The ...

Heligoland
Heligoland, Hen-go-land, Or Hel Goland, Hel'go-lant (dan. Aholy Landp), A Small Island Fortress And Popular Sea-bathing Resort In The North Sea, Belonging To Germany, Situated About 40 Miles Northwest Of The Mouth Of The Elbe. It Is About A Mile Long And One Third Of A Mile Broad, And Has ...

Heliopolis
Heliopolis, He-li-op'6-lis (acity Of The Sun"), Egypt, The On Of The Hebrew Scrip Tures, On A Site Now Partly Occupied By Mats Riah, Six Miles Northeast Of Cairo, Was One Of The Most Ancient And Extensive Cities During The Reign Of The Pharaohs, And So Adorned By Monu Ments As ...

Helium
Helium, A Gaseous Element, Known To Be Present In The Atmosphere And In Certain Min Erals, And, Like Argon, Characterized By Chemi Cal Inertness. It Is Believed That Helium Is The Final Product Of The Disintegration Of Radium. It Is Also The Ultimate Product Of The Radio Activity Of Actinium ...

Hell
Hell As Generally Understood Is The Abode Of Evil Spirits; The Infernal Regions, Where The Devil Rules Supreme, And Whither Lost Or Con Demned Souls Go After Death To Suffer In Describable Torments And Eternal Punishment Either For Wickedness Inherited From The Sin Of Adam Or For More Or Less ...

Hell Gate
Hell Gate, A Narrow Part Of The East River Between Long Island And Manhattan And On The East And West Sides Of Ward's Island. The Passage Between Ward's And Randall's Is Land Is Called Little Hell Gate. It Was Called Helle Gat By The Dutch Settlers Of New York. The ...

Hellenics
Hellenics. Walter Savage Landor's Collection Entitled (hellenics' Consists Of Poems On Greek Subjects, Originally Written, For The Most Part, In Latin. They Were Trans Lated By Landor And Published With Additions In 1847. The Pieces Are Properly Idylls. In The Sense Used Of The Non-pastoral Writings Of Theocritus, And It ...

A Hero Ofour
Hero Of Our Time, A ( (geroy Nosh Ego Uremeni'). Lermontov Intended To Rep Resent Pechorin, The °hero" Of This Novel, As A Type Ot Cultured Men Of The Thirties, By Taking Himself As A Partial Example Of That Class. His Obligation To Pushkin's Eugeni Onyegin Is Ex Pressed In ...