The systematic arrangement of Cuvier was extended and modified by Louis Agassiz to in clude the multitude of fossil forms made known in his 'Poissons Fossils.' Still more important corrections and changes in the gen eral scheme of classification were suggested by Johannes Milller, the greatest comparative anat omist of the 19th century. Other valuable con tributions to taxonomy have been made by Dr. Gunther, Dr. Edward Drinker Cope, and especially by Dr. Theodore Gill, a critical writer, doubtless the first taxonomist of the age, and whose views have been accepted in substance if not in name as representing our best present knowledge of the origin and rela tionship of forms among the vertebrate ani mals. The contributions of Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, Pieter van Bleeker, Carl Gegenbaur, Ramsay H. Traquair, George Albert Boulenger, Louis Dollo, Bash f ord Dean, Karl Zittel, Arthur Smith Woodward, C. Tate Regan, G. Brown Goode, Samuel Garman, Charles H. Gilbert and Barton W. Evermann to the sys tematic arrangement of the higher groups of fishes have also been of great value.
the Red Sea and neighboring parts of Africa, 'Atlas zu der Reise im nordlichen Afrika> (1828) and 'Nene Wirbelthiere' (1837), rank with the very best of descriptive work.
In Italy, Charles Lucien Bonaparte, Prince of Canino, has published an elaborate 'Fauna Italica' (1838), and numerous minor papers. 0. G. Costa published (about 1850) a 'Fauna of Naples.' In France, the fresh-water fishes are the subject of works by Emile Blanchard (1866) and Emile Moreau. Leon Vaillant has written on various groups of fishes. The 'Mission Scientifique au Mexique,' by Vaillant and F. Bocourt, is a most valuable contribution to our knowledge of the fishes of Mexico. In this field our knowledge has been much extended by the work of Seth E. Meek and of Mr. Regan.
In Holland the chief great works have been those of Schlegel and Pieter van Bleeker. Professor Schlegel, of the University of Ley In modern times the students of systematic ichthyology have been very numerous. The local faunal work in various nations has been very extensive. In Great Britain we may note Parnell's 'Natural History of the Fishes of the Firth of Forth> (1838) ; William Yarrell's 'History of British Fishes> (1859) ; the earlier histories of British fishes by Edward Dono van and by William Turton, and the works of Jonathan Couch (1862), and Dr. Francis Day (1888), possessing similar titles. H. G. Seelye has also a useful 'Synopsis of the Fresh-water Fishes of William Swainson studied the fishes of Sicily, W. Thompson those of Ireland and Rev. Richard T. Lowe and J. Y. Johnson have done excellent work on the fishes of Madeira.
In Germany and Austria the chief local works have been those of Heckel and Kner on the fresh-water fishes of Austria (1858), and C Th. von Siebold on the fresh-water fishes of central Europe (1863). The two memoirs of Eduard Ruppell on the fishes of den, described in 'The Fauna of Japonica> the fishes collected about Nagasaki in Japan by Ph. Fr. de Siebold and Burger.
Pieter van Bleeker (1819-78), a surgeon in the Dutch East Indies, is the most volumi nous writer in ichthyology. His chief work is
the 'Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Neerlandaises,) illustrated by colored plates. The writings of Dr. Bleeker constitute the chief source of our knowledge of the fauna of the East Indies. Dr. Van Lidth de feude, of the University of Leyden, is the author of a few descriptive papers on fishes.
The fish fauna of Cuba has been the life long study of Dr. Felipe Poey y Aloy (1799 1891), a pupil of Cuvier, for a half century or more the honored professor of zoology in the University of Havana. Of his many useful pa pers, the most extensive are his 'Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba,' followed by a and an (Enumer atio> on the same subject. Before Poey, Gui chenot of Paris had written on the fishes collected in Cuba by Ramon de la Sagra. Philip H. Gosse (1810-88) wrote on the fishes of Jamaica. Much earlier, Robert Herrmann Schomburgk (1804-65) wrote on the fishes of British Guiana. Other papers on the Carib bean fishes were contributed by Johannes Mul ler and F. H. Troschel, and by Richard Hill and J. Hancock.
Besides the work in South America of Marc grave, Agassiz, Reinhardt, Liitken, Steindach ner, Jenyns, Boulenger and others already named, we may note the local studies of Dr. Carlos Berg in Argentina, Dr. R. A. Philippi in Chile, and special records of Humboldt, Gar man, J. F. Abbott and others in recent times. Carl H. Eigenmann and also Jordan and Eigen mann have studied the great collections made in Brazil by Agassiz, the work of Dr. Eigen mann now comprising most of our detailed knowledge of the fish-fauna of equatorial America. Steindachner has described the col lection of Johann Natterer and Gilbert also those made by Dr. John C. Branner. The most recent extensive studies of the myriads of Brazilian river-fishes are those of Dr. Eigen mann.
treatment at the hands of Dr. Jared Potter Kirtland (1793-1877), an eminent physician of Cleveland, Ohio. In 1842 the amiable and scholarly James Ellsworth Dekay (1799-1851) published his detailed report on the New York fauna, and a little earlier (1836) in the Boreali-Americana' Sir John Richardson (1787-1865) gave a most valuable and accurate account of the fishes of the Great Lakes and Canada. Almost simultaneously, Rev. Zadock Thompson (1796-1856) gave a catalogue of the fishes of Vermont, and David Humphreys Storer (1804-91) began his work on the fishes of Massachusetts, finally expanded into a opsis of the Fishes of North America' (1846) and a of the Fishes of Massachu setts' (1867). Dr. John Edwards Holbrook (1794-1871), of Charleston, published (1860) his invaluable record of the fishes of South Carolina. The monograph on Lake Superior In New Zealand, F. W. Hutton and J. Hec tor have published a valuable work on the fishes of New Zealand. Later writers have given us a good knowledge of The fishes of Australia. Notable among them are W. Maclay, James Douglas Ogilby and Edgar R. Waite. Clarke has also written on (Fishes of New Zealand.' The most valuable work on the fishes of Hindustan is the elaborate treatise on the (Fishes of India,' by Francis Day.