Ligious

Classical Literature and Pagan Spirit— Contemporary with these discoveries and in ventions was the awakening of an interest in classical literature. In the 12th century there had been at some centres an eager study of the Latin classics, but, in the 13th this had been superseded to a great extent by the branches considered more practical, especially law, math ematics and science. In the 14th and 15th centuries men turned again to the classics, and Greek, which had long been neglected, became a favorite study. Along with the study of the pagan authors developed a new feeling for art, which resulted in the wonderfully natural works of the Renaissance artists. Other sides of this new activity were manifested in the more schol arly spirit of criticism and in scientific study. In fact, with the period of the Renaissance modern history had dawned.

Lavisse et Rarnbaud. (New York 1911-: 13, 2 vols. to 800 A.D., published, which supersede all earlier works) ; Gibbon, 'Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire> (edited by Bury, 7 vols., London and New York 1896 1900) - Milman, 'History of Latin Christianity' (9 vols., 1867; formerly a general favorite). Of the many Church histories, two may be men tioned: Alzog, 'Manual of Univeral Church History> (3 vols.; a scholarly treatise from a Roman Catholic standpoint) • Schaff, 'His tory of the Christian Church' (4 vols., to VII: scholarly, from a Protestant standpoint). Three volumes in the

European History' ; Oman, 'Dark Ages' ; Tout, Empire and Papacy' •, Lodge, 'Close of the Y Middle Ages' (New York 1893-1901), furnish a detailed, but somewhat uninteresting, sum mary of the political history. Hodgkin, 'Italy and Her Invaders' (8 vols.), and Bury, (new ed., 1904; wonderfully compact and useful); Symonds, 'Renaissance in Italy' (7 vols.) ; Burckhardt, 'Civilization of the Indian Renaissance'; Voight, 'Wiederbelebung des classischen Alterthums> (2 vols., 3d ed.) ; these works are to be commended for the period of the Renaissance. For special subjects: Montalembert, 'Monks of the West' (6 vols.); Lea, 'History of the Inquisition' (3 vols.• the masterpiece of a great historian); Oman, (7th ed., 1913), contains references by topics to about 500 works, mainly in English.