He pictured it as the work of Whigs on both sides of tile Atlantic in the heroic effort to check and crush the autocratic tendencies of a Tory squirearchy and the unconstitutional tryanny of a "German King,) and to preserve for the world the liberties embodied in the Bill of Rights. He dwelt with pride upon the establishment of the American Federal Repub lic and regarded it as the great contribution of the Western Hemisphere to the solution of political problems, by reconciling the liberty of the New England town-meeting with the exist ence of large political aggregates. He con templated with unmixed pleasure the progress of the middle class in its political and economic conquest of the American continent in the 19th century, and, just before his death at the open ing of the 20th, he was deeply gratified to see his own country at last assume its part of the "white man's by the retention of the Philippines. Not at all a militarist, he looked upon this as a most significant step in that pro cess of bringing the world under the peaceful dominion of "the two great branches of the English race which have the mission of estab lishing throughout the larger part of the earth a higher civilization and a more permanent political order than any that has gone before? Even the more progressive Latin American states have begun to produce extensive collec tions of the sources of their national history. The 'Documentos Para la Historia Argentina,' which have been edited by L. M. Torres and the faculty of philosophy and letters of the National University of Buenos Aires since 1911, is a typical example of this process.
The net result of the growth of nationality and of nationalism upon historiography has been greatly varied and a mixed blessing. Its fortunate results have been, above all, the pro vision of great collections of source material which would otherwise never have been made available and the training of many excellent historians in the process of the compilation and editing of the sources. The deplorable effects have centered about the creation of a danger ous bias of patriotism, which not only prevented a calm, objective and accurate handling of his torical facts, even by highly trained historians, but also contributed in no small degree to the great increase in chauvinism which led to the calamity of 1914. The responsibility of the nationalistic historians in this regard has been well stated by Prof. H. Morse Stephens, prob ably the most thorough student of this particu lar subject: "Woe unto us professional his torians, professional historical students, pro fessional teachers of history, if we cannot see written in blood, in the dying civilization of Europe, the dreadful result of exaggerated nationalism as set forth in the patriotic his tories of some of the most eloquent historians of the 19th century?' It would be fortunate, indeed, if this were all, but for every patriot made by a Treitschke, a Michelet, a Froude or a Bancroft, hundreds have been enthused by the petty chauvinism of the third-rate text book compilers who have imitated their bias without their literary virtues. The nature and
effect of these textbooks upon the past genera tion has been indicated for this country by Mr. Charles Altschul and for France and Ger many by Dr. J. F. Scott. England has not fallen behind any of these nations in this re spect. Some optimism for the future may, how ever, be discovered in the fact that there is an ever greater tendency for the textbook writing to be handed over to reliable and relatively unbiased professional historians.
It should be pointed out in passing that the zeal for collecting historial source material was not limited to the sources of secular history. In the same way that the gathering of the sources of national history was begun by Duchesne in the 17th century, so activity in collecting the sources of ecclesiastical history was initiated at this same period and has been continued to the present time. The first complete collection of the writings of the Church Fathers was gathered and published by Migne in 382 volumes between 1844 and 1864. While, like Bancroft's of the Pacific it was a publisher's rather than a scholar's enterprise, it has been of immense value to students. The failure of Migne to use the best texts in all cases has led to the attempt to produce better collections of Patristic literature. Since 1866 the Vienna Academy has been publishing a carefully edited collection of the writings of the Latin Fathers, and in 1897 the Berlin Academy began to issue an edition of the Greek Fathers. The collection of ma terial dealing with the lives and deeds of the saints, which was begun by Bolland in the middle of the 17th century, is still in progress. A collection of the acts of the Church councils by Labbe and Cossart appeared in the latter half of the 17th century and was continued by Etienne Baluze in 1683. In 1685 Jean Har douin started a new collection, and in the middle of the 18th century Manst compiled the largest of all collections of the councils, a new edition of which is now appearing in Paris. At the same time that Mane was preparing his collection of conciliar material Mainardi published the collection of papal bulls. In the latter half of the 19th century Jaffe and Potthast produced scholarly. collections of papal to the year 1304, and Kehr is now engaged in the publication of the latest and most complete compilation of this type of ma terial. On the whole, the collections of source material for the history of the Church are fully equal if not superior to those for the secular history of Europe.