F. C. Montague and J. R. M. Macdonald have investigated the history of 18th century France, and H. Morse Stephens contributed the first scholarly synthesis of the French Revolution before he left his native land to win academic distinction in the United States. I. H. Rose is the undisputed English authority on the Napoleonic period, while H. A. L. Fisher has been attracted by Napoleon's administrative re forms. The 19th century has been covered by the works of Spencer Walpole, Herbert Paul, G. Slater and J. A. R. Marriott and by a num ber of notable biographies, such as those of Francis Place by Graham Wallas, of Cobden and Gladstone by Morley, of Bright by G. M. Trevelyan and of Disraeli by Monypenny and Buckle. The history of the British Empire has received detailed attention from Egerton, Lucas Innes and H. H. Johnston. European politics and international relations in the last century have been dealt with by W. A. Phillips, G. L. Dickinson and J. A. R. Marriott. In addition, there should be mentioned the exhaustive scholarship of A. W. Ward with respect to all things connected with the political history of modern Germany and the detailed studies of W. H. Dawson on the modern German Empire; the scholarly work of R. N. Bain, R. W. Seton Watson, D. M. Wallace, F. H. Skrine and W. Miller on Scandinavian, Slavonic and eastern Europe; the studies of Italian unification by Bolton King and G. M. Trevelyan; and the comprehensive work of Martin Hume on modern Spain. Church history has not been neglected in England, the more notable products in this field being the works of H. M. Gwatkin and F. J. Foakes-Jackson on the early Church; of H. B. Workman on the Medieval Church and the preliminaries of the Reformation; of C. Beard and T. M. Lindsay on the Reforma tion in general, and of James Gairdner and R. W. Dixon on the Reformation in England; of R. W. Church and F. W. Cornish on the re ligious movements of the last century; of H. W. Clark on the Non-Conformists; and the monumental co-operative history of Stephens and Hunt on the whole period of English ecclesiastical history. The contributions of Cunningham and Ashley to economic history and of Morley, Stephen, Benn and Herz to intellectual history will be dealt with in another place. Finally, no student of historiography could fail to commend G. P. Gooch for his ex cellent execution of Lord Acton's long-deferred plan to sketch the development of modern his torical writing. Of the teachers of England who have done the most to inspire their pupils with the ideals of modern criticism and with an interest in historical investigation Freeman, Seeley, Actors and Maitland have had the widest and most salutary influence.
The beginning of modern critical scholar ship in the field of American history dates back only to about the period of the close of the American Civil War. It owed its origin very largely to the influence of Gertiany. In the first quarter of the 19th century George Ban croft had attended thz lectures of Heeren and had later been a friend of Ranke. Not having been an academician, Bancroft had little in fluence on scientific historical methods in the United States. The real beginning of the sys tematic introduction of the improved methods of German historical scholarship into the United States began in the year 1857 when Torrey succeeded Sparks at Harvard, Francis Lieber assumed his professorship at Columbia, and Andrew D. White accepted a chair of history at Michigan. All of these men had been trained in Germany and estab lished a direct contact between German and American scholarship. Professor White had also been profoundly influenced by Guizot, and his teaching was never limited to the narrowly episodical and political history which attracted the extreme disciples of Ranke and the Prus sian school. A still greater impulse to the sound establishment of historical scholarship in America came when Herbert Baxter Adams instituted the teaching of history in Johns Hopkins University in 1876 immediately after the conclusion of his studies in Gottingen, Ber lin and Heidelberg. To Prof. H. B. Adams
was due not only the establishment of the °seminar° method of instruction in America, but also the organization and creation of the first great training school for historians in America. There is scarcely a great American university at the present day which does not have in its department of history one or more men trained in the Johns Hopkins seminar, and the literary products of this seminar were the first conspicuous exemplification in America of the newer critical historical scholarship. Much the greatest personal influence in the in troduction of the German methods and ideals was that of Professor John William Burgess, who began his work at Amherst in 1873 after having studied in GOttingen, Leipzig and Ber lin and who founded in 11180 the famous faculty of political science at Columbia, which came to rival and later to overshadow Johns Hopkins. Professor Adams, while appreciating the value of the exact German methods, had a healthy confidence in the ability of American scholars to interpret and apply the new methods, but Professor Burgess was convinced that at best Americans could be but lame and halting imi tators of Germanic genius and induced most of his students to finish their studies in Germany. As Prof. H. B. Adams has expressed it, °The students of Professor Burgess went to Berlin in shoals. They went in such numbers that they be to be called the