High Higher education is given in the universities and special schools. There are also a number of schools called higher schools or Kato Gakko. They are not in them selves complete institutions of higher education, but simply teach preparatory courses for the universities. In some respects they may cor. respond to the colleges in America. In Europe and America those who complete their second ary education can at once enter universities, as well as higher technical schools. But in Japan, the high schools which prepare the pupils for the universities intervene between the universities and the middle schools. Each high school is divided into three departments. The first de partment teaches preparatory course for those who enter the colleges of law, and literature; the second department for those who wish to study the course of pharmacy, or enter the colleges of engineering, of science and agricul ture, while the third department prepares those desirous of entering the college of medicine: In these schools, special attention is paid to the teaching of foreign languages and more hours are allotted to them than to other subjects. But the three years of high school education does much good in the way of building up the boys' physique and character, as well as in giving a more advanced knowledge of foreign languages. The languages taught are either English, German 'or French. During the time they are in school pupils are exempt from mili tary service, and graduates have the privilege of joining the army as one-year volunteers. They also receive favorable treatment at the state examinations for middle school teacher& Although universities, broadly speaking, are not new institutions in Japan, yet the Imperial universities as they exist at present owe their origin to the Bansho-Torishirabe-Dokoro of the Bakufu, instituted toward the end of the Tokugawa period. After the Restoration the institution was re-established by the govern ment under the name of the Kaiseijo, or the Place 'of Enlightenment. The Tokio Medical School, which afterward formed the Seiyo Igakujo of the Balcufu, together with the insti tution above cited, formed the nucleus of the Tokio University, which came into existence in 1877 and comprised the faculties of law, science, literature and medicine. In 1885 the school of law, which hitherto had been carried on by the Department of Justice to meet its own require ment, was also incorporated into the faculty of law. In the same year the College of Engi neering, similarly under the control of the Department of Public Works, was also taken over by the Department of Education, as the former was abolished. In 1886 the ordinance relating to the Imperial University was issued, and the former Tokio University and the Col lege of Engineering carried on their work under the new name of the Imperial University. In 1890 the Tokio School of Agriculture and Forestry, which had been under the auspices of the' Department of Agriculture and Com merce, was' transformed into a college of agri culture and added to the Imperial University of Tokio. Thus. the Imperial University of Tokio now includes the six faculties, viz., those of law, medicine, engineering, literature, sci ence and agriculture. In 1897 another univer sity was created in Kioto, and is now complete with five faculties of law, medicine, science, engineering and literature. Unlike the univer sities of the West they have no theological department. The Japanese government in the budget of 1907 authorized the creation of two new independent universities, one in the north and one the south of Japan. In 1907 the Tohoku (east-northern) Imperial University was established in Sendai and the Sapporo Agricultural School being transformed into the faculty of agriculture was attached to it. Now it includes two faculties: those of science (at Sendai) and agriculture (at Sapporo). Besides, two departments of medicine and engineering, which are the reorganization of the old Sendai Special School of Medicine and the old Sendai Higher Technical School, are attached to it. The Kyushu Imperial University was estab lished in Fukuoka in 1910, and it includes two faculties of medicine and engineering. The ordinance relating to Imperial universities re gards therh as institutions established for the purpose of instruction in the sciences and arts indispensable to the state, and of conducting independent research in the various branches of learning. The president of the university presides over the whole institution. The head of each faculty takes charge of the affairs relating to his college. The university council is formed from the heads of faculties and one professor out of each faculty. The president calls its meetings at any time and acts as the chairman. The council discusses matters con cerning the course of study, establishment of chairs, and the internal regulations of all the faculties, conferring of degrees, and also other matters submitted to them either by the Minis ter or the president. It can also lay its views to the Minister of Education, regarding matters of higher education. Sometimes the title of an honorary professor is bestowed by command of the Emperor or by the proposal of the Minister of Education, upon those who have rendered meritorious service to the university or have made some achievements in science deserving of special honor. In every faculty there is
an Assembly of Professors consisting of all professors (assistant professors being exclu sive) of the faculty. It discusses the curricu lum, examinations, conferring of degrees and other subjects submitted to them either by the Minister or by the president. The business officials of the university are the secretary, the superintendent of the students, clerks, etc. The faculty courses of the two universities are as follows : The Faculty of Law: In Tokio the four courses are law, politics, political economy and commerce. Kioto has two courses of law, and politics and economy.
The Faculty of Medicine: In Tokio the courses are medicine and pharmacy. Kioto has no course of pharmacy.
The Faculty of Engineering: In Tokio the courses are (1) civil engineering, (2) median ical engineering, (3) naval architecture, (4) technology of arms, (5) electric engineers nc (6) architecture, (7) applied chemistry, (8) technology of explosives, (9) mining, (10) metallurgy. In Kioto the courses are (1) civil engineering, (2) mechanical engineering, (3) electrical engineering, (4) mining and metal lurgy, (5) chemical technology.
The Faculty of Science: In Tokio the courses are (1) mathematics, (2) astronomy, (3) theoretical physics, (4) experimental phys ics, (5) chemistry, (6) zoology, (7) botany, (8) geology, (9) mineralogy.
The Faculty of Literature: In Tokio the courses are (1) philosophy, (2) history, (3) literature. Kioto has also the same courses.
In the Faculty of Agriculture in the Tokyo University the courses are (1) agriculture, (2) agricultural chemistry, (3) forestry, (4) veteri nary science, (5) marine products.
The courses of study in the Tokio Imperial University are as follows: The Faculty of Science; Mathematics, chemistry and geology.
The Faculty of Agriculture: Agriculture, agricultural chemistry, forestry and zootechny.
The courses of study in the Kyushu Imperial University are as follows: The Faculty of Medicine: Medicine.
The Faculty of Engineering: Civil engi neering, mechanical engineering, electrical en gineering, applied chemistry, mining metallurgy.
The time of study required in each faculty varies from three to four years. In matters of discipline much freedom is allowed to the stu dents of the university, it being taken for granted that they have already the firm basis of moral culture. The results of investigations of the professors and students are published in the journals of the faculties. The equipment of the universities, although much remains yet to be done, compares favorably with similiar insti tutions abroad. An astronomical observatory is attached to the College of Science, and a spe cial bureau for Compilation of Historical Mate rials is attached to the College of Literature. There are also botanical gardens, marine labora tories, hospitals, experimental farms, forestry stations, etc. The universities have contributed much toward the welfare of the nation.
In 1903 the ordinance relating to the special schools was issued, and those schools which give instructions in some particular branch or branches of science and art, were all called special schools and come under this ordinance. The special schools established by the state are the five Special Schools of Medicine, the Tokio School of Foreign Languages, the Tokio Fine Arts School and the Tokio Academy of Music. The public corporations such as Fu, Ken and city, or private individuals may found special schools. Persons who have completed the pre scribed course of instruction in the middle schools or in the high school for girls, with course extending over four years or more, or who possess equal or higher attainments are qualified to enter. Special schools have a course extending over three or more. Since the special schools give instruction of high grade to young men who have finished secondary edu cation, the state gives the graduate special priv ileges, as for instance, the graduates from the special school of medicine can practice without any examination and those who have passed through the special school of literature can at once obtain a license of a middle school teacher. Some of the special schools in Japan may be considered as corresponding to the university of lower type found in the United States and elsewhere; they discharge the functions gener ally belonging to the latter institutions.
Among the private specialschools who may call themselves nDai '' (university), after permission is obtained from the Minister, the most prominent are the Keii-gijuku University, the Waseda University and the Doshisha Uni versity. The first was established before the Restoration of Meiji, in the period of Kele by the late Yfikichi Fukuzawa, one of the greatest men in Japan, the graduates numbering nearly 10,000. The second was founded by Count (now Marquis) Shigenobu Okuma, now Prime Minister, and his friends in 1882. The gradu ates are more than 18,000, the third in Moto was founded by the late Jo Mishima in 1875, and it is now as well known as the former two. Other. private schools having the courses of study relating to law, politics and political econ omy are the Meiji University, the Hosei Uni -versity, the Chub University, the Nippon Uni versity, the Senshu University, etc.