Commercial These schools are founded in accordance with the Provisions for Commercial Schools, issued in 1899. They are also of two grades, commonly termed A and B, respectively. As to the rules of admittance, the length of courses, etc., these two kinds of com mercial schools are exactly the same as those of the two corresponding grades of agricultural schools. The only difference consists in the length of the courses. In the commercial schools of A category, they may be continued for five years.
Nautical Schools Schools of Marine Products, In 1899 the Ordinance for Nautical Schools was issued. They are of two kinds, and the regulations are about the same as the technical schools above explained. The higher navigation school is under the control of the Department of Communications. With re gard to the schools of marine products, the or dinance relating to their establishment and working was issued in 1901. All these schools thus far enumerated belong to the grades of primary and secondary education, and other technical schools which are of a higher stand ard are called Special Schools and come under the Ordinance for the Special Schools, of which some explanation has al ready been given. They are mostly government institutions. The High Industrial Schools which give a higher grade of industrial educa tion are found one each in Tokio, Kioto, Osaka, Nagoya, Kumamoto, Akita, Kiryil and Yo nezawa. As regards high agricultural and for estry schools, there is one each in Morioka and Kagoshima. As regards higher sericultural schools, coming under the agricultural schools, there is one each in Tokio, Kioto and Uyeda. The schools in Tokio and Kioto are the reorganization of the sericultural institutes which had been transferred to the supervision of the Minister of Education from that of Ag riculture and Commerce in 1913. Of the high commercial schools, there is one each in To kio, Kobe, Nagasaki, Osaka, Yamaguchi and Otaru. Boys who have finished the middle schools or have similar qualifications can apply for admission. The applicants to these schools are so numerous that only one-third to one tenth of the total number of applicants, the pro portion varying with the different schools, can be'admitted, The government and private bene factors are making common cause to establish more of these schools to meet this deficiency of 'accommodation.
There are special organizations for training teachers of all kinds of schools. For the teach ers of the elementary schools there are both boys' and girls' normal schools, and similarly the teachers and professors of the normal schools, the middle schools and the high schools for girls, are prepared at the higher normal schools, of which two each of both sexes exist, i.e., in Tokio, Hiroshima and Nara. Besides these, there are special institutes for the training of teachers, which are attached to several govern ment schools of high grade. To fill up the de ficiency of the teachers of domestic science and sewing, a revision was introduced to the regu lation for these institutes in 1912 and enabled the authorities of the institutes, if circumstances require, to entrust the instruction of a part of the pupils in, the course of domestic science, to any public and private school having the Min ister s permission regarding the test of teach ers without examination. The schools where pupils are entrusted for instruction atpresent 'are the First High School for Girls of Kioto Prefecture, the private Tokio Sewing School for Girls, the private Girls' School of Indus trial Arts, the private Wayo Sewing School for Girls. Persons who have not graduated from ,any of the, above institutes, must pass examina tion to obtain licenses. The goVernment is de voting much attention to providing capable teachers, but some non-qualified teachers are still being employed. After graduation, the pu pils are required to serve for a certain pericid as elementary school teachers in the locality in which they graduated. The periods are four years for male graduates from the first section, five years for graduates from the second sec .tion.
' According to the ordinance relating to the normal schools issued in 1897, one or more nor mal schools, where elementary school teachers are trained, must he established in the Hokkaido and in each Fu and Ken. The qualifications re quired for admittance consist of a strong con stitution, sound morals and exemplary charac ter. The aim of the normal school education is not simply to give the pupils knowledge essen tial for teachers, but also to build them up in a strong, virtuous, affectionate and dignified char acter.