INGRES, Jean Dominique Auguste, zhon do-me-nek ing-r, French historical painter: b. Montauban, 29 Aug. 1780; d. Paris, 14 Jan. 1867. Placed in the school of David he made such rapid progress that in 1800 he gained the second, and in 1801 the first prize of the Academy of Fine Arts. In 1806 he de parted for Italy, where he passed nearly 20 years first at Rome and then at Florence, abandoning, under the influence of a close study of Raphael and the old masters, the dry, classic style acquired from David. After his return to Paris he opened, about 1824, a studio where he taught. From 1834-41 he was director of the French Academy at Rome. In 1845 he was made a commander and in 1855 a grand officer of the Legion of Honor. In spite of these honors, he was at times excessively attacked on account of his artistic principles. His works are numerous, and comprise generally serious historical and classical subjects; in the great exhibition of 1855 at Paris an entire salon was appropriated to them and he was awarded a gold medal. Many are in Louvre, on the ceiling of one of the apartments of which is painted his 'Apotheosis of Homer.' He painted the portraits of many distinguished personages, including that of Napoleon I. The art of In gres is adjudged to hold a middle place be tween the classic and the romantic schools. His weakest point was his coloring, his strong est his drawing. Amongst his best known works are and the Sphinx' ; 'Christ Delivering the Keys to Saint Peter' ; 'The Sleep of Ossian' • " 'The Triumph of Romulus' 'The Vow of Louis XIII 'Francesca .1;
' Rimini' • 'Joan of Arc at die Coronation of Charles VIP ; Portraits of CherubiM, Charles X, himself, etc. Consult Amaury-Duval, E. E. P., 'L'Atelier d'Ingres' (Paris 1878); Blanc, C, 'Ingres. Sa Vie et ses Ouvrages' (Paris 1870); Boyer d'Agen, R., 'Ingres d'apres une Correspondance inedite (Paris 1880); Ches neau, E., 'La Peinture Francaise au 19e Siecle, etc.' (Paris 1862) • Cortissoz, R., 'Art and Common Sense' (New York 1913); Delaborde, H., 'Ingres, etc.' (Paris
La Forge, A. de, 'La Peinture Contemporaine en France' (Paris 1856) • Lapauze, H., 'Ingres, Chef d'Ecole, 1824-34' (in Nouveau Revue, Ser. III, Vol. XX, p. 453, Vol. XXI, p. 19, Paris 1911); id., 'Ingres dans l'Atelier de David, etc., 1797 1806' (in Grande Revue, Vol. LXVI, pp. 72, 304, 749, Paris 1911) ; Merson, O., 'Ingres' (Paris 1867) ; Mirecourt, E. de,