Ingalls
Ingalls, John James, American Lawyer: B. Middleton, Mass., 29 Dec. 1833; D. Las Vegas, N. Mex., 16 Aug. 1900. He Was Grad Uated From Williams College In 1855, And Was Admixed To The Bar In 1857. In 1858 He Moved To Kansas And Established A Law Prac Tice There, First ...
Ingelow
Ingelow, Jean, English Poet And Novelist: B. Boston, Lincolnshire, 17 March 1820; D. Kensington, London, 20 July 1897. Her First Published Work Appeared Anonymously In 1850 Under The Title 'rhyming Chronicle Of Incidents And Feelings.' It Was Followed By 'allerton And Dreux: Or The War Of Opinion (2 Vols., 1851), ...
Ingemann
Ingemann, Bernhard Sev Erin, Danish Poet And Novelist: B. Torkildstrup, On The Island Of Falster, 28 May 1789; D. Soro, 24 Feb. 1862. He Was Educated At The Univer Sity Of Copenhagen, And It Was While A Student There That He Published His First (1811 12), Of A Dreamy, Melancholy ...
Ingersoll
Ingersoll, Robert Green, American, Lawyer, Lecturer And Author: B. Dresden, N.. Y,, 11 Aug. 1833; D. Dobb's Ferry, N. Y., 21 July 1899. He Received A Common School Education In' Varipus Towns In Ohio And Illinois Where His Father, A Minister, Held Charges And Was Ad Mitted To The Bar ...
Inglis
Inglis, Ing'lz, Charles, American Angli Can Bishop: B. According To Some Authorities New York, According To Others Ireland 1734; D. Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1816. After Teaching School For A Few Years Near Lancaster, Pa., He Was Ordained In England. He Was At First As To A Missionary Post At Dover, ...
Ingres
Ingres, Jean Dominique Auguste, Zhon Do-me-nek Ing-r, French Historical Painter: B. Montauban, 29 Aug. 1780; D. Paris, 14 Jan. 1867. Placed In The School Of David He Made Such Rapid Progress That In 1800 He Gained The Second, And In 1801 The First Prize Of The Academy Of Fine Arts. ...
Inheritance Tax
Inheritance Tax, An Assessment Laid Upon Those Made Heirs Of Property, Either By Distribution Or Descent. Sometimes This As Sessment Is Confined To Collateral Heirs, When It Is Called Collateral Inheritance Tax. The Rais Ing Of Public Funds In This Way Has Been Sanc Tioned By Legislation From The Beginning ...
Initiative
Initiative. The Initiative And The Op Tional Referendum, Which Originated In Switzer Land, Were Introduced In The United States To Obtain For The Voters As A Whole A More Direct Participation In Legislation And A More Imme Diate Control Of The Business Of Government; The Movement Gained Headway Rapidly Because ...
Injector
Injector, A Mechanism For Feeding Water Into A Steam Boiler While It Is In Operation, Through The Force Of Its Own Steam. The Ac Tion Of This Device Is Based On That Principle Of Hydrodynamics In Virtue Of Which The Velocity Of A Moving Body Of Water Or Other Liquid ...
Injunction
Injunction, A Writ Issued By A Court Of Equity, Bidding, Or Forbidding, A Person Or Per Sons To Do A Certain Thing. The Injunction Orig Inated In Roman Law, And Was Anciently Known As An Interdict, A Name It Still Bears In Scottish Practice. It Was Introduced As A Remedy ...
Injunction_2
Injunction, Theatrical, A Term Applied To A Mandate Issued By A Court Of Equity, To Compel Or Prevent The Performance Of Some Act For Which Money Damages Would Not Prop Erly Compensate The Injured Party. Relief By Injunction In Matters Pertaining To Theatricals Is Probably More Frequently Sought Than In ...
Injury
Injury, In Law, An Act By Which The Rights Of Another Person Or Of The State Are Violated And For Which The Party Whose Rights Are So Invaded May Institute Action For Damages Against The Perpetrator. Wrongs Called Danina Absque Injuria Are Those Acts While Injuring Another Do Not Permit ...
Inland Waterways
Inland Waterways. Detailed De Scriptions Of The Navigable Streams, Lakes, Bays And Canals Of The United States Are Given Else Where In This Encyclopedia Under Waterways Of United States. Most Of These Waterways Have Been Utilized For A Long Time, And In Fact, Had Greater Use In Years Past Than ...
Inlaying
Inlaying Is The Art Of Producing An Or Namental Surface By Inserting Varicolored Forms And Substances And Reducing, The Whole To A Smooth Uniform Condition, But With A Pattern Formed By The Contrasting Material Introduced. Its Essential Difference From Mosiac Work (q.v.) Is That Mosaic Is Mainly Made Up Of ...
Inman
Inman, Henry, American Artist: B.. Utica, N. Y., 20 Oct. 1801; D. New York, 17 Jan. 1846. From Early Boyhood He Manifested A Taste For Art, And In 1814 J. W. Jarvis, The Portrait Painter Offered To Receive Him As A Pupil, And He Was Bound An Apprentice For Seven ...
Innate Ideas
Innate Ideas, In Epistemology And In Metaphysics, Are Ideas As Of Right, Wrong, Free Dom, Immortality, And Of God, Supposed By Some To Inhere In The Mind, In Which Case They Are Opposed To Acquired Ideas, And Synonymous With Inborn Or Inherited Ideas. But Innate Has Also Another Meaning. Not ...
Innes
Innes, Thomas, Scottish Historian: B. Drumgask, Aberdeenshire, 1662; D. Paris, 28 Jan. 1744. At 15 He Was Sent To Paris, Where He Studied At The College Of Navarre And The Scots College, Of Which Latter Body His Eldest Brother Was Principal After 1682. Thomas Re Ceived Priest's Orders In 1692, ...
Inness
Inness, George, American Painter: B. Newburg, N. Y., 1 May I825; D. Bridge Of Allan, Scotland, 3 Aug. 1894. His Art Educa Tion Began In Boyhood And When 16 Years Of Age He Learned Map Engraving. He First At Tempted Nature Sketching In 1843, When He Showed Such Promise That ...
Innocent Iii
Innocent Iii (glovaxtri Lornanio Corm) : B. Anagni, Italy, 1161; D. Perugia, Italy, 16 July 1216. On The Death Of Celestine Iii (1198) He Was Unanimously Elected At The Age Of 37. Innocent, In The Vigor Of Manhood, En Dowed By Nature With All The Talents Of A Ruler, Possessed ...
Inns Of Court
Inns Of Court Are Certain Societies In London Exclusively Invested With The Right To Call To The Bar In England. The Colleges Of The English Professors And Students Of Common Law ,are Called Inns, The Old English Word Foe The Houses Of Noblemen, Bishops And Others Of Extraordinary Note Being ...
Innsbruck
Innsbruck, Insibrook, Or Innspruck (ancient Centroprrust ;locally Called Scuraucx), Austrian Town And Capital Of The Tyrbeami-, Fully Situated At An Elevation Of 1 Fee;,, 59 Miles South Of Munich, On The Banks Of Inn, Near Its Confluence With The Sill, And In The Centre Of The Valley Of The Inn ...
Inouye
Inouye, Tni3-oo'yi', Kaorn, Marquis, Famous Japanese Statesman: B. 1835•; D. Tokio, 1 Sept. 1915. As A Young Man He Was Violently Opposed To The Intrusion Of Foreigners At The Time When .japan First Sanctioned The Building Of Foreign Legations In Tokio. Together With His Friend Ito, Afterward Prince Ito, He ...
Inquest
Inquest, In Law, A Formal Legal Inquiry Into Special Matters, As A Death, Lunacy, An Undefended Lawsuit Or The Like; Also, The Jury Making Such Inquiry. The Term Had Its Origin In Remote Antiquity. It Has Been In Use In Eng Gland For Various Purposes For Many Centuries. It Was ...
Inquisition
Inquisition, A Tribunal Or System Of Tribunals Instituted By The Roman Catholic Church For The Discovery, Examination And Con Viction Of Heretics And Their Punishment By The Secular Arm. Under The Successors Of Constan Tine In The Roman Empire The Repression Of Heresy, Or Rather The Enforcement Of The De ...
Insane
Insane, Institutional Care Of The, In The United States.— Previous To The 19th Cen Tury There Was Practically Speaking No Such Thing As Care Of The Insane And No Hospitals In Which To Care For Them. The Mentally Ill Were Either Permitted To Roam At Large, To Subsist On Begging ...
Insanity
Insanity. This Is A Purely Legal Term. Its Use As A Medical Term Should Cease As It Leads To Interminable Confusion And Defeats The Ends Of Justice. The Confusion Is Very Old However And Will Take Time To Eradicate. Insanity Then' Simply Represents Certain Legal Situations Which By Reason Of ...
Insanity_2
Insanity, In The Legal Sense, Such A De Gree Of Mental Unsoundness As To Call For The Restraint Of The Person Afflicted Or To Justify The Authorities Depriving Him Of The Management Of His Property And Affairs. An Insane Person Comes In Contact With The Law (1) When He Suffers ...
Inscriptions
Inscriptions. The Term Inscriptions Comprises, In Its Widest Sense, All Words Or Word-signs Engraved (or Painted) On Relatively Durable Materials Such As Natural Cliffs, Wrought Stone, Baked Clay, Metal Or Even Wood. For Reasons Of Practical Convenience, However, Cer Tain Sorts Of Inscriptions Are Grouped Apart; For Example, Legends On ...
Insecticide
Insecticide, Any Agent Which Destroys Insects. This Definition Includes Natural As Well As Artificial Means Of Control, The Latter Being Those Operated By Man. The Most Important Of The Former Are Adverse Temperatures, Excessive Or Insufficient Moisture, Fire, Bacteria, Fungi, Mites, Spiders, Fish, Reptiles, Insects And Birds. The Artificial Controls ...
Insectivorous Plants
Insectivorous Plants, A Collec Tive Name For Plants That Entrap Insects And Other Small Animals, Feeding On The Captures By A Process Of True Digestion, Or Absorbing The Results Of Decomposition. The Best Known Is The Venus' Fly-trap (dion** Muscipula) Of The Order Droseracem. It Is A Native Of The ...
Insects
Insects (lat, Insectum), A Class Of Arthropoda Characterized By The Body Being Divided Into Three Regions, That Is, A Head, Thorax And Hind-body Or Abdomen, And By The Presence, In All But The More Primitive And Certain Degraded Forms, Of Wings, And Of Three Pairs Of Thoracic Legs. The Body ...
Insects Of Importance To
Insects Of Importance To Man. Startling As It May At First Seem, It Is Nevertheless A Fact That Insects Comprise The Largest Group Not Merely Of All Land Animals But Of All Living Creatures. The Late C. V. Riley, Curator Of Insects In The United States National Museum, Estimated That ...
Inskip
Inskip, John S.., American Clergyman, Evangelist And Editor: B. Huntington, England, In 1816; D. Ocean Grove, N. J., 7 March 1884. He Was Brought To America In 1820, The Family Settling First At Wilmington, Del., And Then At Marshallton, Pa. In 1836 He Entered The Min Istry Of The Methodist ...
Insolvency
Insolvency. In A Popular Sense The Word Insolvency Applies Only To Persons With Outproperty Or Means Sufficient To Satisfy Their Creditors. The Legal Definition Embraces All Who Are Unable To Pay Their Debts At Maturity In The Ordinary Course Of Business, Even Though They May Possess Assets Exceeding Their Lia ...
Inspiration
Inspiration, In Theology, The Commu Nication By The Holy Spirit, To Writers And Speakers, Of A Portion Of The Knowledge And Feeling Of God,• In Such Fashion That They Can Be Communicated To Other Men; Especially Used In Relation To The Bible. On The Fact Of Inspi Ration Rests All ...
Instinct
Instinct. Every Organism Is Born With A Number Of Tendencies To Behave In Certain Specific Ways When Confronted With Stimuli To Which They Are Adequate. These Tendencies Not Only Increase In Number And Complexity As We Pass From The Protozoa To The Primates, But Also Vary Similarly Within A Single ...
Institute Of France
Institute Of France, The, Official Name For A Group Of Learned Societies In France, Having For Object The Fostering Of Some Branch In Art, Literature, Science Or Philosophy. At Present It Consists Of Five Sections, The Official Names Of Which Are: (1) L'academie Fran Caise; (2) L'academie Des Inscriptions Et ...
Institutes Of Oratory
Institutes Of Oratory, The Institution Oratoria)), Of Quintilian, Composed After His Retirement From Active Life, Took More Than Two Years To Write (89-91), But Was With Held For A Few Years Until The Urging Of His Friends Compelled Its Publication, The Circum Stances Of Which Are Given In A Foreword ...
Institutes Of The Christian
Institutes Of The Christian Religion, The Cchristiame Religionis In By Which John Calvin Laid The Foun Dations Of Calvinism, Stands Unique Among Books That Have Had Immediate, Deep, Wide, And Lasting Influence On Christian Thought And Life Not Alone For The Author's Youth, The Com Parative Brevity Of The Theological ...
Institutional Church
Institutional Church, A Non Credal Organization Of Christians, To Supplement The Regular Church Methods And Ministrations — Preaching, Prayer-meetings, Sunday School, And Pastoral Visitations — By Helpful Social Work In The Community. The Moving Spirit Is The Same As In The Y. M. C. A., University Settle Ment, Salvation Army, ...
Insurance
Insurance, A Contract By Which One Party, For A Stipulated Consideration, Under Takes To Indemnify Or Compensate Another Party Against Loss By Certain Specified Risks. The Party Undertaking To Snake The Indemnity Is Usually Called The Insurer Or Underwriter, The Other The Insured Or Assured; The Agreed Con Sideration Is ...
Insurance
Insurance, Fraternal. This Term Ap Plies To A Large Class Of Societies That Bas Come Into Existence In America Since The Civil War, Whose Primary Object Is To Provide A Substan Tial Death Benefit For The Families Or Depend Ents Of The Members On The Co-operative Plan. These Orders Are ...
Insurance Law
Insurance Law, A Body Of Statutes Controlling The Business Of Insurance Has Grown With The Growth Of Insurance In Modern Times In All Civilized Lands. As An Element Of Trade, Insurance Necessarily Came Under Certain Regu Lations From Its Earliest Use, And With Its Ex Pansion From Local To National ...
Insurance Supervision
Insurance Supervision. While Insurance Was Mostly Concerned With Marine Risks Little Public Regulation Was Required, As Each Transaction Was Completed In The Course Of A Few Months, Or About A Year At Most, And The Practice Of Interinsurance Between Owners Required No Accumulation Of Funds. With The Advent Of Fire ...
Insurance_2
Insurance, Credit. This Is A Contract Issued To Jobbers, Manufacturers And Wholesale Dealers Guaranteeing Indemnity For Losses Sus Tained Through Insolvent Debtors In Excess Of Their Normal Trade Loss As Shown By The In Sured's Records Or As Agreed With The Insurer. Such A Policy Commonly Runs From Year To ...
Insurrection
Insurrection, The Act Of Rising Against Governmental Authorities, Active Opposi Tion To The Power Of The State. In The United States, Power To Suppress Insurrections By Em Ploying The Militia Is Given To Congress By The Constitution, Art. I, Sec. 8, Clause 15. In 1792 And 1807 Acts Were Passed ...
Integral Calculus
Integral Calculus, A Branch Of Infinitesimal Calculus, Treating Of The Methods Of Deducing Relations Between Finite Values Of Variables From Given Relations Between Con Temporaneous Infinitesimal Elements Of Those Variables. It Is Thus The Inverse Of The Differ Ential Calculus. Its Object Is To Discover The Primitive Function From Which ...
Integral Equations
Integral Equations. An Integral Equation Is An Equation Connecting Two Vari Ables, An Independent Variable X, And A Depend Ent Variable It, In Whicli U Occurs (in At Least One Term) Under The Sign Of Integration. An Example Of Such An Equation Is (1) G(x)u(x) +f B K(x, T)u(t) Dt, ...
Intensity Of Sensation
Intensity Of Sensation. Every Sensation Has At Least Four Attributes: Quality, Clearness, Duration And Intensity. No One Of These Can Be Further Defined Than To Say It Is An Aspect Of Immediate Experience. By Intensity Of Sensation, Therefore, Is Meant That Aspect Of Experience Which, For Example, We Ascribe To ...
Intention Or Intend Ment
Intent, Intention Or Intend Ment, In Criminal Law And In The Law Of Evi Dence: The Purpose; Formulated Design ; A Re Solve To Do Or Forbear A Particular Act; Aim; Determination; End; Object,— Which A Person May Have. It Is Not Synonymous With Motive, Attempt, Or, As Some Think, ...
Interchangeable Parts
Interchangeable Parts, Of In Dustrial Or Military Implements, Are The Key To All The Vast Expansion Of Modern Manufactur Ing. Without These, Only A Small Fraction Of It, And Consequently Of New Population Human Or Animal, Agriculture, Engineering And Industrial Civilization In General, Could Have Come Into Being. A Glance ...
Intercolonial Railway
Intercolonial Railway. This Railway And The Prince Edward Island Railway Are Owned And Operated By The Government Of Canada As Part Of The Government Railways. They Are Under The Charge Of The Department Of Railways And Canals, Which Is Presided Over By The Minister Of Railways And Canals, Who Is ...
Intercolumniation
Intercolumniation (from Lat. Inter, Between, Columns, Column), In Classical Architecture, Refers To The Clear Space Between Two Columns Of A Peristylos, Or System Of Roof Supporting Columns, Though Sometimes It Means The Distance Measured At The Lower Parts Of Shafts, Between Their Centres, And Referred To In Terms Of Diameter ...
Interdict
Interdict, An Ecclesiastical Decree Which Forbids The Performance Of Certain Acts Of Pub Lic Worship. When An Interdict Was Laid Upon A Town, District Or Country, All The Churches Were Closed, The Bells Were Silent, The Sacra Ments, Except Infant Baptism And Extreme Unction (and Sometimes Even These), Were With ...
Interest
Interest, As Employed In Psychology And Pedagogy, Is A Term Conveying At Least Two Or Three Distinct Ideas. The Word Also, In The Vulgar Sense, Applies Loosely To What Is Meant By Personal Advantage; As, For Example, It Is A Man's Interest* To Obtain This Or That. Etymologically, Interest Conveys ...