INJURY, in law, an act by which the rights of another person or of the state are violated and for which the party whose rights are so invaded may institute action for damages against the perpetrator. Wrongs called danina absque injuria are those acts while injuring another do not permit the latter the right to enter an action, there being no remedy for such acts. See CRIME; CRIMINAL LAW ; EQUITY; TORT.
INK, a colored liquid used for writing and printing. It comprises various classes as writ !lig and copying, black or colored, India, print ing and lithographing inks.
For long ages past the best black writing ink has been made by mixing together solutions of nutgalls and of ferrous sulphate of iron, known as green vitriol, and holding in colloidal suspension, by aid of a gum, the colored sub stance produced. The gallo-tannic acid present in a freshly prepared solution of galls, upon exposure to the air, changes gradually largely into gallic acid, and the protoxide of iron changes into peroxide. The color of this changed product is much deeper than that of the original mixture. It has been found that the permanency of the writing is greater if the ink is used before this conversion is fully com pleted. The change is held in check by having present in the ink a slight amount of some free volatile acid, such as hydrochloric. The trace of acid also serves to bold the iron color in the state of colloidal suspension or. solution. The moulding to which such an ink is liable is checked by adding to it a trace of some anti septic, such as carbolic acid. All known com mercial substitutes hitherto used for nutgalls in black writing-ink produce a fluid somewhat inferior to that from nutgalls.
An exhaustive scientific investigation of the chemistry of ink to determine the best ingre dients and the proportions to be used of the same for the producing of the most permanent black writing-ink has been made in Germany by Osw. Schluttig and Dr. G. S. Neumann, and published in their work on 'Die Eisengallus unten,) issued by Zahn & Jaensch of Dresden in 1890. Their conclusions were followed in pre paring the specifications for the official "Stand ard Record Ink" required under the laws of
.Massachusetts to be used on all the public rec ords in that State. The same specifications have since been adopted by the United States Treas ury for the ink used in that department. This ink has also been adopted by the Danish govern ment for its official records. The specifications, which were prepared by Dr. Bennett F. Daven port of Boston, as ink expert for the State of Massachusetts, it is to be noted are for the required quality of the ink, and not for the com pounding of it. The specifications are as follows: It must be a gallo-tannate of iron ink, not inferior in any essential quality to a typical standard for comparison which has been properly prepared after the following formula, in which all the ingredients are of the quality prescribed by the United States Pharmacopoeia, and the per cent of true acid present in the sample of tannic acid used has been determined by the Loewenthal and Schroeder method.
Take of pure. dry Tannic Acid, 23.4 parts by weight; crystal Gallic Acid, 7.7 parts; Ferrous Sulphate. 30.0 parts; Gum Arabic, 10.0 parts; diluted Hydrochloric Acid. 25.0 parts; Carbrik *old: 1.0 pert; water,2 ov draw the mixture at the temperature of • . to the ume of 1000. parts by weight of water.
Inks submitted will besubjeeted..40 Abe fallqWing as compared with the typical normal standard 'UM des= above: (I) A fluid ounce allowed to at rest in a white glue vessel, freely,expoeed in diffused daylight for two weeks to the light and air, at a temperature of 50' to 60• F.. pro tected against the entrance of dust, must remain as free from deposit upon the surface of the ink or on the bottom or side of the vessel (2) It must contain no less iron, and must have a specifle gravity of 1.035 to 1.040 at 60° P. (3) It must develop Its color as quickly. (4) After a week's expos ure to diffused daylight•the color must be as intense a black when used upon the standard record paper, and it must equally resist changes from exposure to light, air, water, or alcohol. (5) It must be as fluid, flow as well, strike no more through the paper, nor remain more sticky immediately after drying.