IVAN, t-van, the name of several rulers distinguished in Russian history. Ivari I, Kalita (Money-Bag), d. 1341. He was prince of Vlad imir, Nishru Novgorod and Moscow, and later became Grand Duke of Moscow and extended his dominions with the assistance of the Tar tars. His younger son, lynx II (b. 1326; d. 1359) became Grand Duke in 1353. Ivarr (b. 1440; d. 1505) succeeded his father Basil as Grand Duke of Muscovy in 1462. He was one of the most astute of the early rulers of Russia, extended the rule of Muscovy over the repub lic of Novgorod and all its possessions includ ing all of northern Russia (1478), over many of the other small principalities surrounding Muscovy and over part of Lithuania (1503).
I In 1480 van refused to pay the annual tribute to the Tartar Khan, which action, in spite of two attempts on the part of the latter to main tain his sovereignty by force of arms, resulted in the liberation of Muscovy from the Tartar yoke. As a result of Ivan's second marriage to a daughter of Thomas Palaeologus,.brother of the last Byzantine emperor, autocratic forms of government and court ceremonies gradually de veloped at Moscow. Ivan did much to intro duce western civilization into his domains and was also responsible for the compilation of the first Russian law code. Ivax IV, °The Terri ble : b. 25 Aug. 1530; d. 17 March 1584. He was the grandson of Ivan III and succeeded his father, Basil III, in 1533. In 1544 he ended the regency and assumed the government him self. On 16 January 1547 he was crowned as the first Tsar of Russia. He conquered Kazan in 1552 and Astrakhan in 1554. His efforts to acquire additional territory in Livonia and Es thonia, though carried on with large forces from 1560-82 almost without intermission, failed as a result of the stout resistance of Poland and Seveden. It was during his reign that the con quest of Siberia was started (1581). Ivan IV was a peculiar mixture of political sagacity, admiration of western civilization and eastern barbarity. He was an indefatigable worker, comparatively well educated, but possessed such a strong strain of cruelty and immorality that it amounted at times almost to madness. Amongst his many barbarous deeds was the almost com plete destruction of Novgorod and the slaughter of thousands of its inhabitants as punishment for an unproven attempt at revolution (1570). Another deed of similar nature was the killing of his son Ivan by a blow, given in a moment of uncontrollable fury, in spite of the fact that he was deeply attached to this son (1580). Twice during his rule (1565 and 1580) he pub licly expressed a desire to abdicate, but was persuaded to continue on the throne. The next Russian Tsar, bearing the name Ivan, was IVAN V (b. 27 Aug. 1666; d. 29 Jan. 1696). He was a half-brother of Peter I, with whom he shared the throne for some time, but being weak, both physically and mentally, he took no active part in the government of Russia. One of his five
daughters, Anne, later ascended the throne as empress. Her great-nephew, the son of grand duchess Anne and Duke Anton Ulrich of Brunswick-Bevern, became IVAN VI (b. 24 Aug. 1740; d. 5 Dec. 1764). His great-aunt appointed him her successor and upon her death, 17 Octo ber 1740, he wasroclaimed tsar under the re gency of Ernest Johann Biren, Duke of Cour land. The latter was overthrown by the young tsar's mother who assumed the regency in No vember 1740. In December 1741 Elizabeth be came empress as a result of a coup d'etat and the young tsar was sent to prison, first at Riga and Dvinsk, then at Kholmogory, and at last in the fortress of Schliisselburg. There he was murdered by some officers in 'whose charge he was put to forestall an attempt to liberate him, after having been kept in solitary confinement for more than 20 years. (See RUSSIA). Consult Bain, R. N., The First Romanovs' (London 1905) ; id., 'Slavonic Europe; A Political His tory of Poland and Russia from 1447 to 1796' (Cambridge Historical Series, No. 5, Cam bridge 1908) ; id., 'Russia under Anne and Elizabeth> (in (Cambridge Modern History,' Vol. VI, p. 301, Cambridge 1909) ; Bury, J. B., 1462-1682' (in Modern History,' Vol. V, p. 477, Cambridge 1909) ; Farrer, J. A., 'Ivan IV' (in Gentleman's Maga zine, N. S. Vol. XLI, p. 168, London 1888) ; Green, R., the Terrible' (in ibid., N. S. Vol. LII, p. 569, London 1894) ; Hotzsch, 0., 'Catharine II' (in Cambridge Modern His tory,' Vol. VI, p. 657, Cambridge 1909). Man villon, E. de, 'Histoire de la Vie d'Iwan (Paris 1766) ; Pember, A., the Terrible' (London 1895) ; Pierling, P., 'Rome et Mos cou, 1547-79) (Paris 1883); id,. Saint Siege, la Pologne, et Mosco"u, 1582-87' (Paris 1885) ; id., (La Russie et l'Orient, etc.' (Paris 1891) ; id., 'La Russie et le Saint-Siege' (3 vols., Paris 1896-1901) ; Ramband, A. N., 'His toire de la (Paris 1878; translated into English by L. B. Lang, 2 vols., London 1879) ; Rappaport, A. S., 'Mad Majesties, etc.' (Lon don 1910) ; Schiemann, T., Polen, und Livland bis ins 17 Jahrhundert> (2 vols., Berlin 1886) ; Strahl, P., und E. Hermann, 'Geschichte des Russischen Staates' (4 vols., Hamburg 1839-53) ; Waliszewski, K., 'Ivan le Terrible> (Paris 1904; translated into English by M. Loyd, Philadelphia 1904).
There is also an extensive literature in Rus sian, practically none of which has been trans lated into any western language. An exhaus tive bibliography of it and of Russian and for eign documents referring to the times of the six Ivans will be found in 'Cambridge Modern History> (Vols. V and VI, Cambridge 1909), mentioned above.