Iron
Iron, A Common And Exceedin& Useful Metallic Element, Which Has Been Known And Used In The Arts For Many Centuries. Articles Made Of Iron Found In The Pyramid Of Cheops Are Believed To Be 5,000years Old. It Occurs In Nature In The Metallic Form, Both In Meteor Ites And In ...
Iron Mask
Iron Mask, The Man With The, A Famous Personage Who Was Kept A Prisoner In Two Or Three French Prisons In The Time Of Louis Xiv, And Who Excited A Curiosity Correspond Ing To The Care With Which His Identity Was Con Cealed. His First Prison Was The Castle Of ...
Iron Ores
Iron Ores. Although Iron Is The Most Abundant Of The Useful Metals, Forming 5 Per Cent Of The Earth's Crust, It Is Rarely Found Na Tive — One Famous Native Occurrence Of It, How Ever, Being At Ovifak On The West Coast Of Greenland. The Iron Ores Of Chief Commercial ...
Iron And Steel
Iron And Steel, Metallography Of. As The Study Of The Constitution Of Rocks, Based, In Part At Least, Upon Microscopical Examina Tion, Is Known As Petrography, So The Study, By Similar Methods, Of The Constitution Of Metals And Alloys Has Been Called By Analogy Metallog Raphy, For It Was Discovered ...
Iroquois League
Iroquois League, The Name Given By The French To The Confederacy Of North American Indians, Called By The Eng Lish The And Afterward The "six Na Tions' By The Delawares They Were Known As The Mingwe; By The Algonquins As Naclowa; By The Powhatan As Massawomelces. The Mo Hawks, Oneidas, ...
Irradiation
Irradiation, In Physics, An Apparent Enlargement Of A Bright When Seen Against A Background Darker Than Itself. A Simple Method Of Observing This Phenomenon Is To View A Bright Sky Through The Spaces Between A Grating. If The Breadth Of The Opening Can Be Made Equal To The Breadth Of ...
Irredentists
Irredentists, An Important Modern Italian Patriotic And Political Movement Hav Ing For Its Avowed Aims The "freeing" Of Alleged Italians And Lands Near Italy, And The Incor Poration Of Both Within The Dalian Political Dominion. The English Word "irredentists* Is Derived From An Italian Namr Irre Denta," Or Udcemed Italy" ...
Irrigation
Irrigation, The Watering Of Land By Artificial Means To Increase Crop Production. This Method Of Agriculture Is Widely Practised In The Western Or Arid Portions Of The United States, As Well As In The Drier Parts Of The Old World. It Necessitates The Application Of Many Of The Principles Of ...
Irvine
Irvine, William, American Revolutionary General: B. Near Enniskillen, Ireland, 3 Nov. 1741; D. Philadelphia, 29 July 1804. Having Graduated At Dublin University, He Studied Medicine And Surgery, And Was Appointed Sur Geon On Board A Ship Of War, Serving During A Part Of The War Of (1756-63) Between Great Britain ...
Irving
Irving, Keying, Edward, Scottish Preacher, Founder Of The Religious Sect Known As Irvingites: B. Annan, Dumfriesshire, 4 Aug. 1792; D. Glasgow, December 1834. He Was Graduated At The University Of Edinburgh In 1809, Taught School For Some Eight Years, Mean While Becoming, 1815, A Licentiate Of The Church Of Scotland ...
Irving_2
Irving, Isabel, American Actress: B. Bridgeport, Conn., 213 Feb. 1871. In January 1887 She Made Her Debut As Gwendolyn Haw Kins In 'the Schoolmistress) With The Rosina Vokes Company. From 1888 To 1894 She Was A Member Of Augustin Daly's Company. Subse Quently She Was Leading Woman At The Lyceum ...
Irving_3
Irving, Washington, American Author: B. New York, 3 April 1783; D. Tarrytown, N. Y., 28 Nov. 1859. His Father, William Irving, Mer Chant, Came To New York From The Orkneys In 1763, Having Married Sarah Sanders, Daughter Of Cornish Parents, Two Years Before. Wash Ington Was The Youngest Of Their ...
Irwin
Irwin, William Henry (wn.t. Irwin), American Author And Journalist: B. Oneida, N. Y., 14 Sept. 1873. In 1889 He Was Graduated At Stanford University. Entering Journalism In San Francisco, He Was Assistant Editor Of The Wave In 1899 And Editor In 1900. In 1901 He Joined The Staff Of The ...
Is Political Parties
Is. Political Parties. In Order To Understand The Origin Of The Political Parties Which Asserted Themselves In The First Italian Parliament We Must Remember That The'unity Of Italy Was Obtained By The Combined Forces Of The Constitutional Monarchy Of Savoy, Which Governed The Ancient Kingdom Of Sardinia, And The Ancient ...
Isaac
Isaac, Hebrew Patriarch, Son Of Abraham And Sarah. The Name In Its Hebrew Original Denotes Qaughter," Because When The Promise Of A Child Was Made To Him The Year Previ Ously, Abraham Had Laughed. He Was 100 Years Old At The Child's Birth, And Sarah, Who Had Been Childless, Was ...
Isabella I Of Cas
Isabella (i) Of Cas Tile, Queen Of Spain, Daughter Of John Ii, King Of Castile And Leon And His Second Wife Isabella Of Portugal : B. Madrigal, 22 April 1451; D. Medina Del Campo 26 Nov. 1504. She Mar Ried, 19 Oct. 1469, Ferdinand V, King Of Ara Gon (q.v.), ...
Isaeus
Isaeus: B. About 420 A.c.; D. About 350 B.c. One Of The Eten Attic Orators," Though Prob Ably A Native Of Chalcis, Made His Home In Athens, And There, In The First Half Of The 4th Century A.c., We Find Him Actively Engaged In The Profession Of A Speech-writer (logogra ...
Isaiah
Isaiah, 1-zi'ya Or 1-zieya, One Of The Great Hebrew Prophets. The Name Isaiah, More Exactly Ye Shci(ya And Ye Shif(yelhfi, Is Derived From Two Hebrew Words And Means °jehovah Saves.>> It Refers To The General Burden Of The Prophet's Message. The Prophet, Who Was The Son Of Amoz (q.v.), A ...
Isaiah
Isaiah, Book Of. It Must Be Premised That The Old Prophets Of Israel, For The Most Part, Gave Themselves To Oral Utterance, And Made Little Use Of The Written Roll. In The Case Of Some Of Them, The Issue Of Written Discourses Was An After-thought, And The Latter Assumed Forms ...
Ishmael
Ishmael, Ish'ma-el, From Hebrew, Signi Fying "god Hears," Was Eldest Son Of Abraham And Hagar, His Handmaid (gen. Xvi, 15, 16). Of Him It Was Foretold (gen. Xvii, 18, 20) That He Would Beget 12 Princes And Become A Great Nation — A Promise Repeated (gen. Xxi, 18) To His ...
Isla
Isla, Es'13, Jose Francisco Do La, Span Ish Literary Man And Ecclesiastic: B. Vidanes, In The Province Of Lean, 24 April 1703; D. Boionia, 2 Nov. 1781. His Father Was Governor Of The District And A Man Of Some Importance. Jose Was A Boy Of Very Superior Ability, The Develop ...
Island
Island, A Body Of Land Entirely Sur Rounded By Water. Islands Are Of Very Differ Ent Extent And Surface, And Some Are So Large That Physical Geographers Have Doubted Whether They Should Be Called Continents; This, However, Is A Mere Matter Of Definition. The Great Masses Of Land Forming The ...
Isocrates
Isocrates, I-solc'ra-tez, One Of The 10 Attic Orators: B. Athens, 436 B.c.; D. There, 338 S.c. His Principal Teachers Were Tisias, Gor Gias, Prodicus And Protagoras. On Account Of His Weak Voice And Natural Timidity He Was Re Luctant To Speak In Public, But Gave Lessons In The Art Of ...
Isolation
Isolation, Applied In Common Par Lance To The Act Of Secluding, And Of Making And Also To The State Of Being Alone, Of Being Separate; To The States Of Exclusion, Se Clusion, Or Of Insulation, And Thus Of Being Free From Influences Such As Are Incident To Contact And Conjunction,— ...
Isomerism
Isomerism, L'io-marizm (gr., °having Equal Parts°). Chemists Formerly Assumed That Two Bodies Must Be Identical In Chemical Nature, In All Respects, Provided They Consist Of The Same Elements, Combined In The Same Propor Tions. This View Was Long Ago Found To Be Untenable And Many Substances (mostly Com Pounds Of ...
Isomorphism
' Isomorphism, Is8-mar'fizm, Signify Ing A Similarity In Form Between Things, Is A Term Employed In (1) Crystallography, Mineral Ogy And In Chemistry; (2) Biology; (3) Mathe Matics. In Crystallography, Mineralogy And In Istry, `isomorphism Is A Similarity Of Crystal Line Form Between Substances Of Analogous Com Position Or Atomic ...
Isopoda
Isopoda, An Extensive And Varied Group Of Crustacea (q.v.) Usually Ranked As A Suborder Of The Arthroitraca Or Sessile Eyed Malacostraca. The Body Is Broad And Flattened, And Either Short Or Elongated; The Carapace Is Absent. Or Little Developed; The Thorax With Seven Free Segments, Each Bearing A Pair Of ...
Isostasy
Isostasy, The Word Isostasy Expresses An Idea Which Has Been Developing Gradually In Definiteness For A Century. Pratt, An English Geodesist, Reached The Con Clusion Early In The 19th Century That The Deflec Tions Of The Vertical Apparently Produced By The Himalayas Are Much Smaller Than They Would Be If ...
Ispahan
Ispahan, Is-pa-hin', Or Isfahan, Persia, City And Former Capital, 210 Miles South Of Teheran, In The Midst Of An Extensive Plain Watered By The Broad River Zendeh, Here Crossed By Five Bridges. In The Time Of Chardin (q.v.), From 1664 To 1681, The Walls Were 24 Miles In Circuit, And ...
Isvolsky
Isvolsky, Alexander Petro Vitch, Russian Statesman: B. Moscow, 18 March 1856. At The Age Of 22 He Was Sent On A Mission To Pope Leo Xiii, From Which Later Resulted The Establishment Of A Russian Legation At The Vatican. After Passing Through A Suc Cession Of Minor Offices He Was ...
Itagaki
Itagaki, Taisuke, Cou Nt,japanese Statesman: B. Tosa Province, Island Of Shikoku, 1837. He Received A Mili Tary Education, And In The War Of The Restora Tion (1868) Was Prominent In The Imperial Army. From 1871 Until His Resignation In 1873 He Was A Privy Councillor To The Emperor. He Then ...
Italic Languages
Italic Languages, A Group Of Lan Guages Supposed To Have Been At An Date In Their History, Confined To Italy, And 'the Group Of Languages Developed Out Of These. It Is Usual To Divide The Italic Languages Into Two Sub-groups, Generally Designated As The Latin Faliscan And The Oscan-umbrian, Both ...
Italy
Italy, Kingdom Of 'southern Euiolie Cotnprising The Whole Of The Great Mediter Ranean Peninsula Extending Southeast From The Alps, Together With Sicily,' Sardinia And Some Smaller Islands. The Name Italia Was Applied In Ancient As In Moderrytiines To Which. On 'the West And Sotith Is Bounded By The Tyrrhenian. Sea ...
Itasca Lake
Itasca Lake, Farthest Source Of The Mississippi, In Northern Minnesota. It Is Lo Cated About 47° 13' 10" N. And 95° 12' W. At An Altitude Of 1,457 Feet Above Sea-level. It Was First Definitely Proved To Be The Source Of The Mississippi By H. R. Schoolcraft (q.v.) In 1832 ...
Itch
Itch, A Contagious Disease Of The Skin (scabies) Due To Its Invasion By The Itch-mite (sarcoptes Scabiei), Now Rather Rare In Civiliza Tion. Even The Adult Mite Is So Small As To Be Barely Visible, The Female Being About One Six Teenth Of An Inch Long And Not Quite As ...
Itch Mite
Itch Mite (acarus Scabiei Or Sarcoptes Scabiei), A Minute Icarus, Supposed By Some Naturalists To Be Referred To By Aristotle In His 'historia Anirnaliurn.' From The 12th Century Onward The Connection Of The Mite And The Itch Was Recognized But From 1800 To 1834 Grave Doubts Were Expressed. In That ...
Itius Portus
Itius Portus, The Port On The French D Coast, Nearly Opposite Over, From Which Caesar Sailed On His Second Expedition To Britain In 54 N.c. •its Position Has Been A Matter Of Much Controversy; The Majority Of Geographers, How Ever, Identify It With Wissant, A Village Near Boulogne. Ito, Hirobumi, ...
Iturbide
Iturbide, E-toor-he'cla, Agustin De, Emperor Of Mexico: Valladolid De Michoacan (now Morelia) Mexico, 27 Sept. 1783; D, Pa Dilla, State Of 'tamaulipas, 19 July 1824. In' 1810 He Was Lieutenant In The Provincial Regi Mem Of His Native City, But On The Breaking Out Of The Troubles In Mexico Joined ...
Iuka
Iuka, I-filat, Miss., A Village On The Mem Phis And Charleston Railroad, In The Northern Part Of The State, About 115 Miles East Of Mem Phis, Was The Scene Of A Severe Engagement Dur Ing The Civil War. Early In September, 1862, It Was Occupied By A Small Union Regiment ...
Ivan
Ivan, T-van, The Name Of Several Rulers Distinguished In Russian History. Ivari I, Kalita (money-bag), D. 1341. He Was Prince Of Vlad Imir, Nishru Novgorod And Moscow, And Later Became Grand Duke Of Moscow And Extended His Dominions With The Assistance Of The Tar Tars. His Younger Son, Lynx Ii ...
Ivanhoe
Ivanhoe, I'van'h6. 'ivanhoe,' Written By Sir Walter Scott And Published Anonymously In 1820, Is A Story Of Love And Adventure In The Days Of Chivalry. Following His Usual Practice In The Historical Novels Of Interweaving A Ficti Tious Romance With Actual Events, And Coloring The Whole With The Manners Of ...
Ivories
Ivories. On Account Of The Fineness Of Its Grain, Warm Tone, The Polish It Easily Ac Quires, Its Adaptability To Carving, And Its In Corruptibility, Ivory Has Been A Favored Medium For Plastic Art Work From The Very Earliest Times. In Ancient Egyptian And Assyrian Re Liefs We See Representations ...
Ivrea
Ivrea, E-vra'a, Italy, City Of The Province Of Turin, Piedmont, 38 Miles By Rail North Of Turin. It Has An Interesting 10th Century Cathe Dral, And On The Hill Dominating The Town Is The 14th Century Castello Dello Quattro Torn, Now Used As A Prison. A Strategical Position Of Im ...
Ivy Poisoning
Ivy Poisoning, A Skin Disease Or Dermatitis Characterized By Erythema, Wheals, Papules, Vesicles, Pustules, Bullet, Or A Combina Tion Of Two Or More Of Them, With An Addition Of Crusting And Excoriations. It Is Caused By Rkus Toxicodendron (poison Ivy), A Climbing Plant And A Small Tree Or Shrub (poison ...
Iwakura
Iwakura, Tomomi, Jap Anese Reformer And Statesman : B. Kioto, About 1825; D. Tokio, 20 July 1883. He Was Of Illustrious Ancestry, One Of The Kuge Or Court Nobility, Chamberlain Of The Imperial Household, And At First In Favor Of The Expulsion Of For Eigners. He Never Saw A Foreigner ...
Ixtlilxochitl
Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando De Alba, Mexican Historian: B. Texcoco, 1570i D. There, 1649. He Was Descended, Through His Mother, From The Ancient Kings Of Texcoco, And On The Death Of His Eldest Brother In 1602 He Was Declared By Royal Decree Heir To The Titles And Possessions Of His Family. The ...
Iyeyasu
Iyeyasu, Tokugawa, Japanese General And Statesman: B. Okasaki, Mikawa, 1542; D. 1616. He Served As A Soldier Under Nobunaga And Hideyoshi, And Gradually Rose To Distinction. Obtaining Land In Mikawa And The Neighboring Province Of Suruga, He Built The Strong Castle Of Shidzuoka, A Town Still Intimately Associated With His ...
Izard
Izard, Ralph, American Statesman: B. Near Charleston, S. C., 1742; D. South Bay, Near Charleston, 30 May 1804. He Was Educated At Christ's College, Cambridge, England, And, In Heriting An Ample Fortune, Established Himself In 1771 With His Family In London, Whence The Troubled Condition Of American Politics Induced Him ...
Jack And Jill
Jack And Jill, The First Words Of An Old Nursery Rhyme, Of Considerable Folk-lore Interest. Jill Is A Corruption Of The French Julienne, Once Common In England Under The Form Gillian. It Also Appears In The Legend Of Saint Kilian, Where Geilana Vindictively Causes The Good Bishop's Death. This Incident ...
Jackal
Jackal, A Small Active Wild Dog Or Wolf Of The Warmer Regions Of The Old World, Found In Southeast Europe, Africa, Syria And Southern Asia. The Common Jackal Averages About 2 Or 2% Feet In Length And About 14 Inches In Height, With A Bushy Tail About 8 Inches Long. ...
Jackson
Jackson, Helen Maria Fiske Hunt, °h. H.," American Novelist And Poet: B. Am Herst, Mass., 18 Oct. 1831; D. San Francisco, 12 Aug. 1885. At 21 She Married Capt. Edward Hunt (d. 1863) Of The United States Army, And Began The Wandering Existence Of An Army Of Ficer's Wife. From ...
Jackson
Jackson, Andrew, Seventh President Of The United States: B. In The Waxhaw Settle Ment Near The Border Line Between North And South Carolina, 15 March 1767; D. At His Home, An Hermitage, Near Nashville, Tenn., 8 June 1845. It Is A Matter Of Dispute To Which Of These States The ...
Jackson_2
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, Commonly Called "stonewall Jackson," American General: B. Clarksburg, Harrison County, W. Va., 21 Jan. 1824; D. Near Chancellorsville, Va., 10 May 1863. Lieutenant-general Thomas Jonathan Jackson Was One Of The Most Unique, Romantic Characters Of The War'between The States, And. Crowded Into The Two Years In Which ...
Jackson_3
Jackson, Mich., City And County-seat Of Jackson County; " Situated On Both Banks Of The Grand River; 37 Miles. South Of Lansing, 74 Miles West Of Detroit, 209 Miles East Of Chicago, 71 Miles Northwest Of Toledo, 100 Miles North Of Fort Wayne, And On The Main Line Of The ...
Jackson_4
Jackson. Miss., Capital Of' The State, County-seat Of Hinds County; On The Pearl River And On The Yazoo And Mississippi Valley, The Illinois Central And The •alabama And Vicks Burg And Other Railroads; About 40 Miles East Of Vicksburg, On The. Mississippi. The First Per Manent Settlement Was Made In ...
Jackson_5
Jackson, Tenn., City And County-seat Of Madison County, Situated About 80 Miles North East Of Memphis, On The South Fork Of The Forked Deer River, And On The Illinois Central, Mobile, And Ohio, And 'nashville, Chicago And Saint Louis And Birmingham And Northwestern Railroads'. It Is The Trade• Centre Of ...
Jackson_6
Jackson (miss.), Battle Of. After The Battle Of Raymond (q.v.), 12 May 1863, General Grant, Having Provided For The Safety Of His Rear And Left From The Direction Of Vicksburg, Turned Mcpherson's And Sherman's Corps And Part Of Mcclernand's On Jackson, 12 Miles Northeast Of Raymond, To Capture The Place ...
Jackson_7
Jackson, Siege Of. The Battle Of Jack Son (q.v.), 14 May 1863, Was Followed By The Movement Of General Johnston Northwest, With Gregg's And Walker's Brigades, To Form A Junc Tion With Pemberton, Who Had Been Directed To Join Him; But Early On The 19th He Received Word From Pemberton ...
Jacksonville
Jacksonville, Fla., Chief City Of The State, And Seat Of Duval County In The North Eastern Corner, On The West Bank Of The Saint John's, 24 Miles From The Ocean By Water, 14 Direct. It Is An Important Trading Port And One Of The Chief Southern Railroad Centres, Five Great ...
Jacksonville_2
Jacksonville, Ill., City And County Seat Of Morgan County; Situated On The Mau Vaisterre Creek, A Branch Of The Illinois River, About 34 Miles Southwest Of Springfield, State Capitol, And 88 Miles North Of Saint Louis, Mis Souri; On The Wabash, Chicago And Alton, Bur Lington And A Branch Of ...