In Germany's various sections before the war of 1914, the Jewish status was dis tinctly favorable, after centuries of conflict which has not wholly died away. Baden in cludes 27,000 Jews in 15 rabbinical districts, who enjoy equal rights with the other inhabit ants. Bavaria numbers 55,000, with a long list of names who are adding to its strength in trade and industry and scholarship. Some are members of the Bavarian Diet, others are prom inent in law and the learned professions. Fuerth has a number of Jewish industrialists in mirrors, bronzes, toys and hardware, leaders in their line. In Nuremberg, Fuerth and Bam berg they control the hop business; the cattle trade is entirely in the hands of the country Jews. In the duchy of Brunswick about 2,200 reside. In Elsass-Lothringen, despite the emi gration of many Jews after the annexation, about 37,000 reside in the province, chiefly in Strassburg, Mirhlhausen and Colmar; they are largely manufacturers and merchants. Hesse Cassel has 18,500; Hesse-Darmstadt in its three districts about 26,000, with numerous educa tional and charitable institutions, and with every calling open to them. Prussia in 1900 had a Iewish population of 392,332. Of its chief cities, Berlin has 19 synagogues and numerous educational and benevolent institu tions, with a brilliant coterie of prominent names in all the arts and professions, trades and industries, many being authorities in their callings, and prolific contributors to art, sci ence and literature. There are fully 110,000 Jews. Breslau has about 25,000 and here, too, in the various professions, particularly med icine and the natural sciences, they number very eminent names. They are in every trade and manufacture, and hold many chairs in the university. Hamburg has about 20,000. Within recent years it has had some prominent repre sentatives in different fields —with many in stitutions, such as schools, hospitals and syna gogues. Hanover has a prosperous community of about 5,000, who number leaders in com merce and trade. Saxony, where the were late in securing complete freedom, had in 1904, 12,196, 7,000 being in Leipzig and 3,059 in Dresden; in both cities they are identified with the chief industries. In 1900 the Jews of Wurtemberg numbered 14,916. The criminal status of the whole population in that year was 0.089 per cent; of the Jews, 0.083. Many char% itable institutions abound, and there are hand some synagogues in the chief cities. In Stutt gart in 1903 there were 3,015 Jews, who include manufacturers, lawyers and merchants of note, while they are members of the city Superior Court and of the faculty of its polytechnic and its conservatory of music. In 1912 Dr. Har burger of Munich University was made presi dent of Senate of Supreme Court, Max Lieber mann Senator of the Academy, Judge Wolf s thal of Ratisbon, Attorney-General. Greece has 10,Q00, with about 4,000 in Janina. and Prevesa in Epirus, including Corfu, 4,000; Larissa, 2,750; Athens, 400. In Athens the majority are of Levantine-Spanish descent, and are peddlers or artisans. In Corfu they are exporters and manufacturers. There are no restrictions on their progress in Greece under the present la; ernment. Although it was not until 16 1896 when Hungary declared Judaism a ((legally recognized the Jews have long, at tained prominence in varied lines of political, industrial, scientific and artistic development, and contributed a long list of notable names. They have founded important institutions for religion, charity and education, their new syna gogues are among the handsomest in the. Old World, and in their chief communities, Buda pest (166,198), Szegedin (5,863), Temesvar (5,916), Presburg (7,110), they are prominent in every calling. In 1913 Budapest had a Jew ish burgomaster. In 1912 the government cre ated two chairs for the Talmud at the Buda pest University.
In Norway, where Jews have been allowed to live since their present number is hardly a thousand, who are engaged exclusively in industrial pursuits and are on the whole prosperous. The majority reside in Christiania, with the rest in Trondhjem and Bergen. Ru mania's treatment of the Jews, marked by con stant exactions and neglect of the provisions of the Treaty of Berlin' (1878), has not only reduced the Jewish population to less than 225, 000, but made their condition pitiable in. the extreme. Mediaeval conditions have led to wholesale emigration — at least 80,000 having left between 1898 and 1905, chiefly to the United States; and unless exactions cease their num bers are likely still further to decrease. Much poverty exists among the Jews, although there is a small wealthy class. From recent data as to the Jews of Russia, it appears (1897) that they number 5,189,401 or 4.13 per cent, a figure which has been reduced by steady emigration from cities large and small to all parts of the world. In the Pale of Settlement reside 93.93 per cent of the Jewish population, or 11.46 of the total population. They are massed together most densely in northwest Russia and Poland, where they form 14 per cent of the entire popu lation, figures which throw light on recent out breaks, A number of agricultural colonies, 301 in number, including 10,721 families, with 68, 959 population, who occupy 100,107 deciatines of land, exist in a number of governments, but these are necessarily limited. In 1898 the num ber of artisans in the Pale and Poland reached 500,986, or 132 per cent of the total Jewish population. Technical training having been only recently introduced, old-time methods of learning prevail, save in some of the larger cities. Owing to keen competition the income of the Jewish artisan's is insufficient to support their families, and extreme poverty with its at tendant unsanitary surroundings prevail. In addition, in the Pale and Poland are 105,000 Jewish day laborers, about 2 per cent of the entire Jewish population. Without the Pale, in the interior of Russia (1893) were 1,948 Jewish workshops compared to 24,020 belonging to non-Jews, being most numerous as tailors and metal-workers. Some idea of the great
poverty in the Pale may be gathered from the number of loan associations, of homes of shelter for the transient poor, 226 in all, and similar institutions, of medical committees and hospitals, and of other charities for their bene fit. From 1899-1918 the Jewish emigration to the United States, chiefly Russian, reached 1,548,594, due to political as well as eco nomic conditions. It is not necessary to dwell upon existing legislation regarding the Pale, and until an enlightened government holds sway no permanent change for the better is possible. Despite unfavorable circumstances, the scholarly abilities of large numbers of the Russian Jews are evidenced by the Hebrew Renaissance among them, and the enthusiasm with which liberal studies are followed by thousands of young men and women. In liter ature, journalism, archaeology, medical and natural art, they show much activity. Old-time rabbinical education holds its own among the great majority of the people, while early marriages powerfully pro mote poverty. In 1899 the percentage of Jew ish students to total number in the Russian nni*ersities was 10.9. According to the census of 1913, the Jews of all Russia number 6,946,090 souls. or 4.2 per cent of the entire population, and fully one-half of all the Jews in the world. Yet they constitute 15.6 per cent of the resi dents in urban centres. A striking illustration of Jewish concentration in towns is furnished by Berditsoheff, where they number 41,617, or 78 Per cent of the total population, or by War saw, with 219,128, or 34.3 per cent. The birth rate of 1877 was 35.43 per 1,000, being less than other sections, except Protestants, 34.73. The rate of illegitimacy in European Russia was small-5.4 per 1,000 births; among the Catholics 36. In 1897 the Jewish death rate was 17.82 per 1,000 as against 34.28 for ortho dox Christians, and 22.76 for Roman Catholics. The predominant language anions the Jews is Yiddish, 96.90 per cent of the enure population using that medium. For insanity the Jewish figure (9.84 per 1,000) is greater than that of the Poles and Russians (8.51 and 9.54), but much less than the Letts (13.75), and. the Ger mans (15.04). The May laws of which restricted the free movement of the Jews out side the Pale of Settlement (Russian Poland and 15 Russian provinces), set the stream of emigration into permanent motion toward all parts of the world. In one year alone (i904 05), in consequence of the Russo-Japanese War and internal disorders, 92,388 Jews left the country. It is estimated that in the past 20 years 1,123,000 have emigrated from Russia — more than one-fifth of the whole of Russian Jewry. (Consult Dr. Arthur Ruppin's work issued by the German Bureau for Jewish Statistics. Berlin: Jiidischer Verlag 1906). In regard to age distribution the Jews have a higher percen tage of persons under 10 years of age, owing to lower infant mortality, but in consequence of this excess of children 100 Jews have de pendent on them for support two more than the orthodox Christians, three more than Catholics and Mohammedans, and six more than Luther ans. In Finland a movement took place in 1906 to give the Jews equality with the rest of the population. Bill granting full rights became a law 15 Feb. 1918. They are found at fors and a few other places, and suffer from many political restrictions. Serbia, since 1889, has abolished all anti-Jewish laws, but the Jews take little part in public affairs until their equal ity is more generally recognized by the people. They number about 7,500, chiefly in Belgrade (4,500), including a few lawyers, physicians and engineers, with some state officials. Spain, whose early settlement by the Jews is attested by a tombstone unearthed. in Adra, with a Latin inscription, which dates back to the 3d century, has within recent decades opened her territory to the Jews, very few of whom have settled on its historic soil. In 1858, under General Prim, the edict of expulsion was repealed, and in later years Senor Lapuya headed a movement to invite Russian emigrants to Spain, but with out more than a limited response, although in time the settlers may be larger in number, Madrid has about 25 families, who hold holi day services—they came from Tunis, Moga dor, Lisbon, Alexandria, etc. In Toledo, where but a few reside, the government ordered restoration of El Transito (see SYNAGOGUE), formerly a Jewish place of worship, but which had been converted into a church. Seville had (1905) 200 Jewish families, the majority poor, being emigrants from Tangier and elsewhere in Africa. In this connection the Jews of Portu gal may be mentioned. In 1903 they numbered 500 persons, the majority being merchants and shipowners. According to the constitution of 1826 they are not allowed to hold service save in• places not bearing the signs of a public house of worship. Lisbon has 400 Jews, mostly natives of Gibraltar, Morocco or the Azores. A number are prominent in science, letters and the arts. There is one communal synagogue (1902), situated in an enclosure, and without any outward sign. The cemetery dates back to 1801. Switzerland, where civil and religious liberty exists apart from a statute (1903) de claring illegal slaughtering of animals accord ing to the Jewish ritual law, has fully 20,000 Jews, with congregations in the larger towns, Zurich being the most important, with 5,500 Jewish population, as international in character as the city itself. In the Cantoral Council are two Jewish representatives and at the university polytechnic and gymnasiums are several Jew ish professors and privat-docents. The Yews are mostly merchants, excluding the Polish and Russian immigrants who begin as peddlers but soon enter other callings. The canton of Bern has about 2,500, with many Jews as uni versity professors. Basel has about 340 fami lies.