Sweden grants full civil and religious free dom to the Jews, barring a few privileges which neither they nor any other non-Lutherans can obtain. There are synagogues in all of the larger cities, with a total Jewish population of fully 5,000. Turkey in Europe and Asia had (1914) 260,000, of whom the largest number are in Constantinople, Adrianople, Salonica. The condition of the young people has improved owing to the spreading of schools, technical, agricultural and religious, by the Alliance Israelite, with 6,651 children in European and 6,299 in Asiatic Turkey. The Jews speak usually a mixture of Spanish and Hebrew, often a Judzeo-German dialect, and rarely Turkish, although they are making strong effort to speak the latter more generally. They enjoy the same privileges as all irayahs," non-Moslem subjects. According to the con stitution of 1876 the equality of all Ottomans is proclaimed before the law and in the short lived National Assembly of the following year several Jews were among the members. The Jewish administration, before the European War, ratified by the sultan in 1865, consisted of three councils, a national assembly of 80, a tem poral council of 7 lay members and a spiritual council of 9 rabbis. Of the various Turkish communities, Salonioa is the largest and most picturesque. While the majority are poor and engaged in all kinds of handicrafts and petty trade, the city has, with the professions repre sented, 37 synagogues, with numerous chari table institutions. Constantinople contains among other callings, some wealthy wholesale merchants and bankers. The only glass works in Turkey is carried on by a Jewish manufac turer. The schools of the Alliance Israelite teach many handicrafts, but their graduates become largely accountants in financial institu tions. The civil list in the Ministry of Public Instruction and the consular offices includes a number of Jews, 20 of whom are physicians and druggists. The Jews of Russia, Poland. Galicia and Rumania suffered severely in the European War, both in numbers and otherwise.
North America.— With increasing Russian emigration within recent years, Canada's Jew ish population must reach at least 75,000, with 25,000 in Montreal, 5,000 in Manitoba, 8,000 in Toronto and 10,000 in Quebec. There are several agricultural colonies in the North west, due to the gifts of Baron de Hirsch (1892), in a section called Assiniboia at three settlements. Jews have sat in the Canadian Parliament, Mr. Nathan of British Columbia being the first to attain the honor. In 1845 there was only one synagogue in all Canada; now they exist in Toronto, Victoria, B. C., Hamilton, Winnipeg (2), Halifax, Saint John, N. B., Ottawa, London, Quebec. It is of inter est to note that Christian sympathizers in Mon treal, headed by the Anglican bishop, contrib uted to the fund in aid of the Russian refugees. In their occupations the Jews are indistinguish able from other citizens. United States— The history and development of the American Jews have already been described (see JEWS ist AMERICA) ; it only remains to gather a few additional facts and note further tendencies.
In the effort to promote education, uplift the destitute, and Americanize the incoming masses of emigrants, the lines of demarcation between reform and orthodoxy seem to be becoming fainter, and a spirit of conservatism, free from fanaticism of either extreme, appears to be growing. Greater interest is being shown in agricultural and technical education, which will help in turning thousands to the soil, but divert thousands of the young to the arts and handicrafts. More energy, too, is being displayed in distributing emigrants from the congested centres of New York and else where, although with increasing immigration the results are comparatively slight. Recent ar rivals are of a better class on the whole, and include many who have ample resources. In the larger cities, however, the general character of the Jews is being unconsciously changed, owing to the gradual elimination of the dis tinctively American, English or Portuguese type, and the appearance in every line of the Russian, who competes keenly with the less numerous German. But this is only a reflex of American phenomena in general, as the emi grant outnumbers the native, or appears to do so by reason of his aggressiveness in securing a foothold. The skilled Jewish laborers in New York city number (1915) 350,000; the great ma jority belong to the United Hebrew Trades; two-thirds are Russian, being found as well in the silk mills of New Jersey, the machine shops of Connecticut and jewelry factories of Rhode Island. In.1903 in the New York State prisons out of 9,820 prisoners 257 were Jews: in the city prisons (1904) . out of 3,251, 479 were Jews; in the Blackwell's Island workhouse for year 1904 were 1,036 Jews out of 19,520 prisoners. More than 80 per cent of the stu dents in the City College are Russo-Jewish emigrants or the children of Russian Jews. The chief lines of commerce in which the Jews in New York are thus given, in the order of importance: Clothing manufactur ers, jewelry, Jobbers, wholesale butchers, liquor dealers, leaf tobacco jobbers, cigar manu facturers, cloak manufacturers, chamois im porters, leather and hides, manufacturers of overshirts, watch importers, artificial flowers and feathers, furs, undergarments, lace and em broidery, white shirts, hats and caps. Immi since 1904 has largely increased ures. In 1911 Jews occupied 2.984 farms with 30,000 persons engaged in agriculture, and two large schools, at Woodbine, N. J., and at Doylestown, Pa. The land value of these farms according to data of 1912 reached $22, 194,335, and equipment value of $4,166,329. In 1905 the real property of synagogues and Jewish charitable institutions in New York city, exempted from taxation, was valued at $13,558,100. With the gradual settlement of the Far West they are found among the pioneers in Alaska and the far Western plains. The Jew ish population in the United States in 1918 was 3,390.572.