The colleges in the State are Baker Uni versity, Baldwin; Bethany, Lindsborg; Bethel, Newton; Campbell, Holton; Cooper, Sterling; Emporia, Emporia; Fairmount, Wichita; Friends Wichita; Highland University, High land; iCansas City University, Kansas City, Kansas; Kansas Wesleyan, Salina; Midland, Atchison; Ottawa University, Ottawa; Sisters of Bethany, Topeka; Southwestern. Winfield; State Agricultural, Manhattan; Saint Bene dict's, Atchison; Saint John's, Salina; Saint Mary's, Saint Marys; University of Kansas, Lawrence; Washburn, Topeka.
careful estimate shows the religious population to be 475,000. All of the denominations are represented, the Methodist being the largest numerically, followed in order by the Roman Catholic, Baptist, Lutheran, Dis ciple, Presbyterian, United Brethern, Congre gational, Friends, African M. E. and Evan gelical Association. The moral standard of the population is very high, Kansas being one of the first States to adopt an amendment to its constitution prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors. The State has also taken the lead in the adoption of many laws for safeguarding the public health and for the promotion of civic betterment.
Charitable and Penal The State institutions of this class and the number of inmates of each are: Insane Hospital, To peka (1,550); Insane Hospital, Osawatomie (1,363) ; Insane Hospital, Larned (102) ; Epi leptic Hospital, Parsons (523); Home for Feeble-Minded Children. Winfield (627) ; Sanatorium for Tuberculosis, Norton (23) ; Orphans' Home, Atchison (187) ; Soldiers' Home, Dodge City (650) ; Deaf and Dumb School, Olathe (267) ; Blind Asylum, Kansas City (85) ; Mother Bickerdyke Home for Sol diers' Widows, Ellsworth (87) ; State Peni tentiary, Lansing (841) ; Industrial Reforma tory, Hutchinson (420) ; Industrial School (girls), Beloit (152); Reform School (boys), Topeka (251). The Federal government main tains a military prison and a branch of the National Soldiers' Home at Leavenworth.
Newspapers and Kansas has 727 newspapers, inclusive of 45 dailies, 565 weeklies, 2 semi-weeklies, 98 monthlies, 9 semi monthlies, 8 quarterlies. Of public, institu tional and college libraries there are 193, with a total of 1,244,794 volumes. Incomplete re ports from 6,638 public school libraries increase this total by 669,821 volumes. There are 58 Carnegie-built libraries in the State, valued at $957,700, and 32 publicly-built libraries, valued at $1,076,350; total valuation of these buildings, $2,034,050.
Early early as 1541 Francisco de Coronado commanding a Spanish expedi tion, marched across the plains which are now a part of the State, and there are evidences of French and Spanish adventures in subsequent years. French fur traders from Louisiana and Canada were in the country in 1700. In 1719 Du Tissenet, a French explorer, visited the valley of the Missouri, and he was followed by Spaniards from Santa Fe, who came to the present site of Leavenworth, where they were destroyed in a battle with Indians, this being the last attempt at Spanish occupation of the territory.
The Lewis and Clark expedition, planned by President Jefferson, reached Kansas in June 1804, and, two years later, the expedition com manded by Zebulon Montgomery Pike, who gave his name to °Pike's Peak crossed the territory from the Missouri River to the Rocky Mountains. The expedition of Maj. Stephen H. Long was made in 1819, and in 1824 was established the °Santa Fe Trail? the famous highway of Kansas, extending 400 miles di rectly across the Territory, and from Inde pendence, Mo., to Santa Fe, a distance of 780 miles. Col. John C. Fremont made his first expedition across the plains in 1842, blazing the way for an extensive overland travel to Oregon, California and Mexico.
The territory forming the present State of Kansas was a part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, except a fraction in the southwest corner acquired from Texas in 1850. Follow ing the several expeditions referred to, and the opening of the Santa Fe trail, Kansas became Indian Territory, and remained such from 1830 to 1854. Within this period the outposts of civilization were being extended from the Mississippi River. The Indians of Missouri and other Mississippi Valley States were con centrated and combined with the tribes already occupying the country west of the Missouri River. These included the Osage, Shawnee, Pawnee, Delaware, Kicapoo and Kansas tribes, to which were added the Cherokee and other tribes from the States of the south, the Otta was, Pottawatomies, Wyandottes and others from Ohio, Michigan and Indiana. Occupation of the country by white settlers was fraught with peril and hardship, and only accomplished by marvelous heroism, perservera,nce and en durance. To aid in the work of civilization missions were established on the frontier, and military posts located at Fort Leavenworth, Fort Scott and Fort Riley. These missions and posts are rich in historical and romantic in cidents.