Stock-raising.— The mild winter climate, permitting cattle to remain out with little feed, the excellent pastures of blue-grass which grows thick in the shade as well as in the open, and the abundant limestone water which pro duces strong growth of bone materials, all together promote the rearing of livestock with unexampled success. These advantages were seized by a rare group of breeders who have made Kentucky the centre of the Union for blooded stock. Especially is this true of thoroughbred horses. The old Virginia stock, bred from choice imported English animals, themselves bred to combine speed and endur ance, were taken by the Kentucky breeders and kept pure or mixed with equally good fresh blood. Complete records and pedigrees constitute an important part of this work. Kentucky horses have made three-fourths of all the winnings on the American turf. The State Racing Commission, created by a law of 1906, has sustained the breeding industry at a critical period; and the demand for thoroughbred horses for remounts in the army and replenishment in foreign lands now exceeds the supply. Other breeders have applied similar, principles to the improvement of sheep, swine and cattle. The number of horses reported in 1919 was 439,000; mules, 231,000; swine, 1,768, 000; sheep, 1.274,000; cows, 440,000; total value of all livestock on farms, $177,396,000. Poultry and poultry products are important. Turkeys, in particular, are shipped to the Eastern mar kets.
Manufactures.— The immense hardwood forests, large coal fields and natural water ways for half a century after her admission to the Union kept Kentucky abreast of her neighbors industrially. But the rise of steam navigation built up the river cities at the ex pense of the inland towns, so that Lexington which had 114 factories in 1810, was eclipsed in a short time by her rivals. Other elements contributing to the same end were tardiness in building railroads into the forests and coal fields, and the absence of a wage-earning class such as immigration supplies. In 1850 the number of wage-earners was reported as 21, 476; in 1900 51,735; and in 1914 only 64,586.
In 1914 the total value of manufactured products was $230,248,909. This was less than 1 per cent of the total value of the output of the nation in that year. In order of value, dis tilled liquors stood first, $48,862,526: 157 es tablishments giving the State second rank in the Union in this trade; the next in value was flour-milling of a value of $21,229,000; third was lumber products, valued at $20,667,000, with the largest number of operatives in any industry; fourth, tobacco products, $16,146,000; fifth, cars and car-shop work, $13.344,000. No other industry reached $10,000,000 in value. The total number of establishments was 4,184, with a capital of ,$193,423,000. The tobacco
industry, which claimed its small factories in every town in the 18th century, has declined relatively. Louisville, the principal hogshead market of the world, has some 17 plants for tobacco manufacturing. Owensboro and Henderson have establishments preparing the leaf for shipment. Bourbon whisky, so named from the county of Kentucky to which many Pennsylvania omoonshiners° removed after the suppression of the Whisky Insurrection in 1794 (q.v.), has become famous all over the world. Distilleries were set up as early as 1783 at Louisville, a little later in other towns and in 1787 along Salt River by a Maryland colony. Large establishments found favorable situations in many parts of the State. Their payments for internal revenue, checked by officers of the department, gave Kentucky fifth place in the Union in 1916, the total for liquors and tobacco being $35,870,087. The manufac ture of malt liquors is concentrated largely in Louisville and Newport. Pork packing was a prominent industry until the grain fields of the Northwest caused its removal from the Ohio Valley. Nevertheless. Louisville has maintained a livestock market, receiving in 1918, 180,000 cattle, 46,000 calves, 780,000 hogs and 256,000 sheep and lambs. Her packing plants converted a large proportion of these receipts into food and other products. The firm position of the lumber industry is shown at each census. Logging is promoted by river improvement at the expense of the Federal government, whereby rafts may be sent to the cities from the upper courses of the Cumber land, Licking and Kentucky. During the World War some 2,000,000 walnut gunstocks were made for the Allies in the factories about Louisville. Carriages and wagons are made in Louisville, Henderson and Owensboro from the easily supplied forest woods. Iron and steel works arc declining from their earlier position. The first furnaces were abandoned for lack of transportation facilities; in 1846 others were built at Eddyville on the lower Cumberland by William Kelly; and in 1851, five years. before the Bessemer process was patented, Kelly began his °air-boiling' process, essentially the same, for turning iron into steel. During these years were built at Cincinnati with boiler plates made by the Kelly process, and the latter finally secured a royalty.
Louisville is prominent in the manufacture of jeans clothing, now being replaced by the cassimeres. Her proportion of the total manu facturing of the State is nearly one-half, being $105,000,000 in E230,000,000. Her fuel rates are the lowest in the Union among large cities not located in the coal fields. Her manufactures of sanitary ware, boxes and farm implements are noteworthy. She is the largest importer of mahogany logs in the United States.