has 813 miles of navigable waters on her boundaries- the . Ohio 643 miles, the Mississippi 50 miles, the Big Sandy 120 miles. The Cumberland and Tennessee are navigable their entire courses within the State; improvements now far ad vanced have made the Kentucky, Licking, Salt and Green much more valuable than formerly. The canal around the falls of the Ohio at Louisville has been widened recently. Still, the supremacy of the railroad is revealed in the statistics of coal shipments into Louisville in 1918: 84,142 tons by river, and 1,636,258 tons by rail. The railroad, however, has not over come the difficulties of the mountains of the eastern and southeastern regions; until lately, hundreds of square miles of territory had not a mile of railroad track. This mountain area is a part of Appalachian America-picturesque, beautiful, full of survivals of the English of Elizabethan days. Unable to sell the grain from their small fields in the valleys and °coves,' they converted it into whisky in home-made stills and fought off or evaded the revenue collectors until miners, oil pros pectors and travelers broke the seclusion of the hills. Then the settlers, in many cases, left their homes and sought places in the Blue Grass or elsewhere as farmers. Branches of the Baltimore and Ohio, Chesapeake and Ohio and the Louisville and Nashville roads have penetrated many of these remote districts. The total mileage in 1918 was 4,200, of which about 200 represented the two electric sys tems centering at Lexington for the Blue Grass towns and at Louisville for the suburban serv ice. In western Kentucky the Illinois Central affords connection with Chicago and the South. The assessed valuation of all steam and electric lines 30 June 1917, was $160,262,387. Improved roads, especially those of the macadam type, have been common in the Blue Grass counties for nearly a century. When, therefore, a campaign was started in 1908 for a State tax for this purpose, these counties were reluctant to support such a measure. The new law (1912) imposed a road tax of five cents on each $100 of assessed property, created a State engineer and provided for the inter-county-seat roads first. On this basis not only county but national highway projects have been advanced, such as the Lincoln High way, Jackson Highway, etc. A natural accom paniment is the increase in automobiles and motor trucks. The licenses taken out in 1911 were 2,868; in 1914, 11,746; in 1915, 19,500; in 1917, 47,416; in 1918, 65.870.
Population.-The population of the State at the various censuses has been as follows: 1790, 73,677; 1800, 220,955 ; 1810, 406,511; 1820, 564, 317. 1830, 687,917; 1840, 779,828; 1850, 982,405; 1860, 1,155,684, including 10,684 free negroes, and 210,981 slaves; 1870, 1,321,011; 1880, 1,648, 690; 1890, 1,858,635; 1900, 2,147,174; 1910. 2,289, 905. The foreign-born numbered 40,162, or 1.8 per cent; half Germans, the Irish following with 5,900. The colored population was 261,656, not so large as in 11 other States; nor are the colored people increasing so fast as the whites, there having been a decrease of 23,200 since 1900. Classified by city and county, 75 Kr cent is rural, while 25 per cent is urban. There seems also to have been some tendency among the negroes to emigrate, and a large emigration of whites, especially to Oklahoma and Texas, has occurred. The in.
crease was 6.6 per cent and the density is 57 per square mile.
The one great independent city of Kentucky is Louisville (240,808) at the falls of the Ohio, the third in size on the rive‘ excelled only by Cincinnati and Pittsburgh. Covington (59,623), Newport (32,133), Bellevue (6,683) and Day ton (6,979) are virtually suburbs of Cincin• nati, the first-named west of the Licking, the last three east of it. Other cities on the Ohio, which monopolizes much the greater part of the urban development and manufacturing of the State, are in the west, Paducah (25,178) at the mouth of the Tennessee, Owensboro (18,070) and Henderson (12,312) ; in the north east, Maysville (6,141) ; on the east, Ashland (12,195), now head of a rapidly growing iron and coke district. Lexington (41,997), the first capital, once called °Athens of the West' is the head of the Blue Grass region. Frankfort (11,179), the capital; Bowling Green (9,900), the head of navigation on the Barren River, a tributary of the Green; Hopkinsville (10,979); Winchester (7,156) ; Danville (5,420) ; May field (5,916); Middlesboro (7,305) - Paris (5,859) and Richmond (5,340) are also over 5,000.
Charitable and Penal There are insane asylums at Lexington, Hopkinsville and Lakeland; a notable institution for the education of the blind at Louisville; a State school for deaf-mutes at Danville; and an in stitution for feeble-minded children at Frank fort, which, however, restricts the ages to the period of 6 to 18, and requires that they shall not be too feeble-minded for training. The State penitentiaries are at Frankfort and Eddy vine, and the Reform School is at Greendale, near Lexington. About 2,000 feeble minded are maintained in homes at State expense. Con federate veterans are aided by the Home at Pewee Valley, and by pensions voted in 1912.
State officers are elected for four years, in the November preceding the Presidential election; they cannot be re-elected., The governor has a veto by items, but a major ity vote overrides it. The legislature consists of 38 senators chosen for four years, and 100 representatives for two years. Sessions are biennial, and limited to 60 legislative days., Provisions concerning revenue bills and im peachments follow the model .of Congress. Women (by a law of 1912) can hold office on school boards and vote on school issues. No State, county, city or town pfficers except mem bers of city legislative boards can he elected in the year of a Presidential election. The judi ciary is headed by a Court of Appeals, consist ing of not over seven or under five elective judges, with terms of eight years. There are no townships, only °magisterial and the county, as in old Virginia, is the political unit. There are 120 counties. Each county is entitled to three sittings of a Circuit Court each year. The circuit judges are elected For six years, in districts. There is a county judge, and a monthly court day. County officers are elected for four years, except a Circuit Court clerk for two years, and the sheriff is ineligible to re-election except in alternate terms. Counties must have a minimum area of 400 square miles, and the county-seat must to at least 10 miles from the boundary. There are 11 representatives in Congress.