. LAIBACH, lrbih, Slovenian Ljubljana, capital of the Austrian Grand-duchy Carniola, located on the Laibach River, which is spanned here by seven bridges, and on the southern branch of the Vienna-Trieste and the Laibach Oberlaibach, and other railways. It is embel lished with large squares, and the monument to Radetzki von Fernkorn, and beautiful prom enades. Among its more important edifices are the Saint Nicholas Cathedral (18th cen tury) with its high cupola and frescoes; the Saint Jacob's, the Ursuline and Evangelical churches, the latter in Byzantine style; the government building, palace of justice, agri cultural building, town-hall, bishop's palace, casino, etc. A monument was erected (1886) to Anastasius Griin. The industrial establish ments include a cotton-goods factory, bell foundry, iron foundry, machine works, candy and chicory factories and manufactures of wire, paper, twine, stone and earthenware, leather, beer-brewery, electrical works, etc. Among her educational institutions are two Obergymnasia, a high school, teachers' institutes, a theological institute, trade school, commercial institute, students' library, museum and theatre. The
museum contains interesting relics of a lacus trine village discovered in the Laibach fens. The Schlossberg towers high over the town and has a castle dating 1416-1520,partially de stroyed (1813) by the French. The town is generally acknowledged to be the seat of the ancient Emona. In 1270 Ottokar of Bohemia captured the place, and it received municipal rights in 1416. After capitulation. (1809) to the French it was occupied till 1813 as seat of the governor-general of the Illyrian prov inces. The Congress of Monarchs met here to debate the situation of Italy which later brought about the overthrow of the liberal con stitution of Naples, England being dissident. Consult Miillner, A., (Laibach 1879) ; Richter, (Geschichte der Stadt Laibach bis 1461) (in Kltm's 'Archiv fur Geschichte Krains,) parts 2 and 3).