In the Modern Era.—As the Jews, first in Germany, in the second half of the 18th cen tury, again participated in the nation's intellec tual activity, they devoted their attention to every branch of art. Hardly half a century after their emancipation, they number in Ger many prominent painters who rank among the ablest in their profession, like Eduard Bende mann, one of the leaders in the older historical school; Philipp Veit, one of the most brilliant representatives of ecclesiastical art; Eduard Magnus, Julius Muhr, Moritz Oppenheim, whose 'Pictures from the Old Jewish Family Life' have acquired fame; Solomon Hart, the firstJewish Academician in England. In our day Jewish painters are prominent in every .land. To mention the most eminent, let us re call the Hollander Josef Israels, the English Academician S. J. Solomon, the Austrian por trait painter Leopold Horowitz. the French his torical painter Eugene Vichel, the genre artist Friedrich Friedlander. the Belgian painter Carl Jacoby, with names like Herman Junker, Max Kahn, Louis Neustatter, Felix Possart, Toby Rosenthal,— one of the few American genre painters with a reputation in Europe — the great Swedish painter Geskel Salomon, Na thaniel Sichel, Isidor Kaufmann, Philipp Aarons, Henry Baron, M. Verner, David Bles — the dozen of Dutch painters — Karl Heinrich Bloch, Felix Borchardt, Lajos Bruck, Friedrich Kraus, the Polish historical painter Alexander Lesser, the French idyl painter Emile Levy, Leopold Pollack, Felix Heinrich and Karl Schlesinger, Gustav Wertheimer, Jules Worms, F. Hirszenberg, Philipp Laszlo, Samuel Hirsch felder, Herman Struck, Isaac Snowman, the American Henry Mosier, Geo. D. M. Peixotto, Ernest Peixotto, M. A. Woolf. In the modern movement, Max Liebermann, Lesser Ury and Louis Corinth are among the leaders. Strange to say, Russia has expelled the most painters. In copper and steel engraving, as in etching, the Jews furnish three of the first masters of this art — Friedrich Frankel, Louis Jacoby and Henryk Redlich. In America Louis Loeb, Henry Wolf and Jacques Reich have acquired high rank. In sculpture one can mention as pre-eminent the Russian Marcus Antokolski, then the American M. J. Ezekiel and Ephraim Keyser, the French Antoni Adam Solomon, E. Soldi, Em. Hanneaux, L. Astruc; the Hungarian Max Klein, the Belgian Charles Samuel, the German Louis Sussman Hellborn, the Russian Leopold Bernstamm, Henrik Glycenstein, Charles Giinzburg. In architecture may be mentioned, in Europe, Max Fleischer, Georg J. Hitzig, W. Stiassny, Richard Wolffenstein, Ludwig Levi, Frederick Marcks, Adolf Wolff, Siegmund Taussig; the American Dankmar Adler, Arnold W. Brunner, Henry Fernbach, Edgar M. Lazarus, S. B. Eisendrath. As med alists and engravers few names surpass in ex cellence A. Abrahamson, Salomon Bucher, Jacques Karl and Leopold Wiener.
Music.— Through all the stages of his his tory, music was always close to the Jew. In antiquity it accompanied the Temple service, in the Middle Ages it comforted the home and in the modern era at was to reach high develop ment. The long list of composers, musical artists and directors is opened by the English man, John Barnett, and there follow Sir Julius Benedict, Meyerbeer, Felix Mendelssohn-Bar tholdy, J. F. Halevy, George Bizet, Anton Ru benstein, Jacques Offenbach, Ignatz Brill), Karl Goldmark, Frederic Cowen, Ferd. David, Fried rich Gernsheim, Ferd. Hiller, Eduard Lassen, Ignatz Moscheles, Moritz Moszkowski, Sieg fried Ochs, Julius Schulhoff, Jules Cohen, Josef Dessauer, Baron A. Franchetti, Ferd. Gumbert, Adalbert von Goldschmidt, Leopold Auer, H. W. Ernst, J. Joachim, E. Remenyi, H. Wieni awski, H. and A. Griinfeld, David Popper, H. Herz, M. Rosenthal, Karl Taussig, Karl Hey
mann, M. J. Gusikow, L. Damrosch, S. Sulzer, Herman Levi, Gustav Mahler, Julius Stern, L. Lewandowski, and the artistes Clotilde Klee berg, Sophie Jaffe, Ilona Eibenschiitz, Berthe Marx, Fannie Bloomfield-Zeisler, the American pianist.
The Stage.—In dramatic art the achieve ments of the Jew have been conspicuous. Among actors, singers, theatrical directors, managers, in every civilized land, there is a lengthy list of Jewish names. To mention the most prominent, as operatic and concert singers, there are Leo pold Demuth, Georg Henschel, Paul Kalisch, Leopold Landau, Nikolaus Rothmiihl, Julius Lieban, Heinrich Sontheim, John Braham, Jose Lederer, Pauline Lucca, the sisters Grisi, Lola Beeth, Juditha Pasta, Caroline Gompertz, Rosa Olitzka. Among famous actors and actresses are Rachel Felix and Sarah Bernhardt, Adolf von Sonnenthal, E. Worms, S. Berr, L. Barnay, Anton Ascher, Bogumil Dawison, Ludwig Dessoir, Siegwart Friedmann, Alfred Hertz, Maximilian Ludwig, Gustav Kadelburg, Ernest von Possart, Emrich Robert, Moritz Rott, Emil Thomas. In America, the names of Aaron J., Jonas B. and Moses J. Phillips, Mordecai Noah, Emanuel and S. B. H. Judah occur in the early history of the American stage as playwrights and actors, and in more recent days the Wal lacks, Madeline Henriques, both of Jewish ori gin. David Warfield, H. Conried, Jacob Adler.
Science.— ((Knowledge and understanding' were ever regarded in Israel as the highest palladium from the earliest ages of its national history to the present day. The priest was the community's teacher and physician as well. In later times, when the different sciences were separated from each other more and more, the rabbis of the Talmudic era not only recom mended such avocations to the faithful, but zealously devoted themselves to such pursuits. Many Talmudic teachers were physicians, astronomers, mathematicians, jurists. In the Talmud principles of geometry are stated, which agree with the modern rules. Its computation of the calendar rested upon the finest astron omical observation. The number of bones in the human body is given exactly as in modern anatomy. In the Middle Ages the Encyclopedia of the Sciences included chiefly three disciplines — astronomy, which was connected with mathe znatics and geometry, medicine and philosophy. In all these fields the Jews have accomplished much, in some degree they have been pioneers, particularly in Spain and North Africa, where they could develop unchecked. The foundation of mediaeval mathematics— the of Ptolemy, and of mediaeval botany — the 'Plant Lore) of Dioscorides, Jews brought to Europe. It was. Abraham (b. Chija) who wrote the first textbook of geometry that Europe could boast of ; it was a Jew who brought to Europe the Arabic-Indian numbers; a Jew whose observations on the inclination of the earth's axis cleared the way for the immortal astronomer who, as he arranged his system of the world, had to have translated into Latin the Arabic writings of that Jew, Jacob ibn Machir. A French Jew furnished an approximation for incommensurable numbers; a Spanish Jew was the first to apply decimal fractions in the ex traction of the square root. As Jewish astron omers, among the Arabs, are mentioned Mas challah, Sahl el Taberi, Sind ben Ali, Ibn Sima weih, etc., through whom the Arabs already in the 8th century became acquainted with Indian medicine and astronomy, before the Greek sci ences had been introduced. Natural philosophy and medicine, mathematics and astronomy, formed often the transition from the halakho to the hagada, and knowledge of these sciences could not therefore have been unknown to the teachers of the law.