LAVROV, f', Peter Lavrovitch (Mutiny), Russian revolutionist, scientist and scholar: b. province of Pskov, 2/14 June 1823; d. Paris, 6 Feb. 1900. He received a military education at Saint Petersburg and became colonel of artillery and instructor in mathe matics at the Academy of Artillery, re maining there for 22 years. It was not until 1862 that he joined the Land and Liberty party, thereby identifying himself with the revolutionists. He was arrested for his political activities in 1866 and .
in 1868 was sentenced to banishment the Ural Mountains. He succeeded in making his escape to France and settled in Paris. He was elected a member of the Society of An thropology in Paris in 1870, and in 1871 he was in England and Belgium as a representative of the Paris Commune. He founded and edited, 1873-77, a Socialist periodical, Forward, in which he gave particular consideration to Rus sian politics. Before leaving Russia he had contributed extensively to the literature of the revolutionary movement, and he now continued anonymously to contribute to various publica tions in its interest. He was well grounded in history, science, philosophy and psychology and spent the greater part of his time after leaving Russia in writing. His political pam phlets are voluminous in number and made him widely popular in Russia, because of their clarity, sanity and belief in the power of the people through education to bring about the reforms he so earnestly advocated. Author of 'The Hegelian Philosophy' (1858-59); 'An Attempt at a History of Modern Thought' (2 vols., 1859); 'Outline of the Physico Mathematical Sciences' (1866) ;
LAW, Andrew Bonar, British statesman: b. New Brunswick, Canada, 16 Sept. 1858. Educated in Canada and Glasgow, he engaged in the iron business in the latter place and acted as chairman of the Scottish Iron Trade Association. He entered Parliament as Union ist (Conservative) member for the Blackfriars division of Glasgow in 1900. He was defeated in the January 1906 election, but found a seat a few month later for Dulwich. In 1910 he contested Northwestern Manchester on a straight Tariff Reform issue, but lost. In 1911 he was returned for the Bootle division of Lancashire, which he has since represented. Between 1902 and 1905 he was parliamentary secretary to the Board of Trade. Since the resignation of the Balfour Cabinet in December 1905 the ,Unionists have been in opposition; owing to the war no election was held in 1915, but in that year a coalition ministry was formed and MT. Law became Colonial Secre tary. He had succeeded Mr. Balfour in the leadership of the Unionist party in 1911. In 1916 he succeeded Mr. Lloyd George as Chan cellor of thi Exchequer, the latter becoming Premier in the place of Mr. Asquith.
LAW, Edmund, Anglican bishop: b. Cart mel, Lancashire, 6 June 1703; d. Rose Castle, Carlisle, 17 Aug. 1787. He was educated at Saint John's College, Cambridge, and was later elected a Fellow of Christ's College. He be came rector of Graystoke, Cumberland, in 1737, and was made archdeacon of the diocese of Carlisle in 1743, which office he resigned upon his master of Peterhouse in 1756. He was appointed proto-bibliothecarius at the University of Cambridge in 1760, and in 1764 he was made Knightbndge professor of moral philosophy. In 1768 he became bishop of Car
lisle. His writings are characterized by a broad religious toleration, and he regarded his ap pointment to a bishopric as a proof that free dom of religious inquiry was not rebuked. Be sides translations and numerous religious papers he wrote 'An Enquiry into the Ideas of Space and Time> (1834); 'Considerations on the State of the World with Regard to the Theory of Religion> (1745), etc.
LAW, John, of Lauriston, Scottish specu lator: b. Edinburgh, 21 April 1671; d. Venice, 21 March 1729. His father was a goldsmith in Edinburgh. He was educated at Edinburgh University, where •he was remarkable for profi ciency in arithmetic and algebra. He early migrated to London deep in debt, and while in that city killed a man in a duel, but managed to escape to the Continent.. He returned to Scotland in 1700, and the following year pro posed to the Scottish Parliament the establish ment of a bank with paper issues to the amount of the value of all the land in the kingdom and the abolishment of the farming of the rev enues; but his scheme was rejected. The years from 1708 to 1715 were spent on the Conti nent, and his success as a gambler caused him to be banished from Venice and Genoa as a designing adventurer. He accumulated a large fortune by gambling, and at length secured the patronage of the Duke of Orleans, regent of France, and in company with his brother, Wil liam, established his bank in 1716 by royal au thority. It was at first composed of 1,200 shares of 3,000 livres each, which soon bore a premium. This bank became the office for all public receipts, and there was annexed to it a Mississippi company, which had grants of land in Louisiana, and the exclusive right of trade in that territory for 25 years, and of receiving and exporting the beaver skins of Canada, and it was expected to realize im mense sums by planting and commerce. In 1718 it was declared a royal bank, and shares rose to 20 times their original value. A vast quantity of paper money was issued, the credit of which was unquestioned, whilst the national bonds remained at a price far below their nominal value. In 1720 Law became a Roman Catholic and was made a councillor of state and comptroller-general of the finances; but the shares sank in value as rapidly as they had risen. He was obliged to resign his post, after five months, and for personal safety to quit the kingdom. (See MISSISSIPPI Bus BLE) . He lived afterward in great obscurity, finally settling in Venice, and