LIVINGSTONE, David, Scottish missionary and African traveler : b. Blantyre, Lanarkshire, 19 March 1813 ,• d. near Lake Bangweolo, Africa, 1 May 1873. His parents had settled in the neighborhood of the cotton mills near Blantyre, where David be came a upiecerp at the age of 10. While at work in the mill he learned Latin and read extensively, and having attended the medical and Greek classes at Glasgow University dur ing the winter months finally became a licentiate of the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. Under the direction of the London Missionary Society he proceeded in 1840 to South Africa, where he joined Robert Moffat in the missionary field. His first sta tion was in the Bechuana territory, and here his labors for nine years were associated with Mr. Moffat, whose daughter he married. Hear ing from the natives that there was a large lake north of the Kalahari Desert, he proceeded to explore that region, and discovered the valley of the Zouga and fake Subsequently he penetrated farther northwest until he reached Linyanti, the capital of the Makololo territory, situated on the Chobe, a tributary of the Zam besi, which river he also visited. In 1853-56 he made a great exploratory journey, or series of journeys. Starting from Linyanti he ascended the Leeambye (Upper Zambesi), journeyed overland to Lake Dilolo, and thence to Saint Paul de Loanda on the west coast. Returning to Linyanti, he went eastward from there in 1855, tracing the Zambesi to the Indian Ocean, and reaching Quilimane on the east coast in 1856, having thus crossed the entire continent. The record of this journey is found in his Travels and Researches in South Africa> (1857). He severed his connection with the London Missionary Socie in 1858 and was appointed British consul at uilimane. From
that year until 1864 he with it John Kirk ex plored the Zambesi, Shire and Roouwa rivers and discovered Lake Nyasa, the literary result of which was The Zambesi and its Tributaries' (1885). Livingstone set forth in 1865 to set at rest the question of the sources of the Nile. From this time till his death he was engaged in laborious explorations in the lake region of South Africa, especially to the westward of Nyassa and Tanganyika, *here he discovered Lakes Bangweolo and Moero, the Upper Kongo, etc. For about three years no communication had come from him, and the doubts regarding the traveler's safety were only set at rest when it was known that H. M. Stanley, the special correspondent of the New York Herald, had seen and assisted Livingstone at Ujiji, on Lake Tanganyika. They parted in March 1872, Liv ingstone going to explore the southern end of Tanganyika and Stanley proceeding to Zanzi bar. After another year's wanderings he was attacked with dysentery near Lake Bangweolo, and there he died. His body was buried in Westminster Abbey, having been conveyed to the coast, rudely preserved in salt, by his faith ful followers. Consult 'Livingstone's Last Journals> (1874) ; Stanley, 'How I Found Liv ingstone' (1873) ; - Blaikie, 'Livingstone's Per sonal Life' (1880) ; Hughes, 'David Living stone' (1891) ; Johnston, 'Livingstone and the Exploration of Central Africa> (1897) ; Mac lachlan, (David Livingstone' (1900) ; Stanley's 'Autobiography' (1911) and 'How I Found Livingstone' (1913), and Home, 'David Liv ingstone' (1913).