LOLLARDS, a name which arose in the Netherlands in the 14th century, and which during that and the following century was applied somewhat indiscriminately as a term of contempt to various sects or fraterni ties deemed heretical by the Roman Catholic Church. Different accounts are given of the derivation of the name. According to one opinion the name was first applied to a frater nity formed about the year 1300 at Antwerp, the members of which devoted themselves to the care of the sick and the burial of the dead, and were called Lollards from the Low German lollen or Lunen, meaning to sing in a low tone, from the subdued and plaintive dirges that they were in the practice of singing while accom panying dead bodies to the grave. According to another opinion the name was first bestowed upon the followers of one Walter Lollard, who preached peculiar doctrines both in England and on the Continent between 1315 and 1322, till in the latter year he was burned as a here tic. Whatever may have been the origin of the name, it became well known in England about the end of the 14th century, when it was applied to the followers of Wyclif. See Lot LAiunsti ; WYCLIF.
LOLOS, 16'16s, an ancient people, so called by their neighbors, holding a large, mountain ous territory in the western edge of Sze Chouan, China, and hitherto almost unknown, by reason of their savage exclusiveness. They formerly occupied, with the Miao-tze (q.v.) and other primitive tribes, an extensive region in southwestern China conquered from the local autocthones; but they were themselves con quered by the Chinese in Yunnan in the 14th century, and more completely subjugated about 1727 by the Manchu power. A part of the Lobos then succumbed to circumstances and remained in Yunnan, where they still form a large but humble part of the population. Great num bers of the tribe, however, migrated to the wild, elevated region in western Sze-Chouan between the Blue River (Yang-tze Kiang) and the Great Snowy Mountains along the border of Tibet, where they set up a community of independent clans with a feudal social system. Their hereditary chiefs. however, were orig inally appointed by China, and acknowledge vassalage to China, although refusing admis sion to their country, or any sort of obedience, to Chinese officials. They go boldly among the Chinese — are in fact great wanderers; but np stranger is permitted to enter Loh) territory - _ except by arrangement with a native prince who will guarantee his good behavior and final exit. It was only by accommodating himself
tactfully to this custom that Vicomte D'011one, to whom we owe most of our knowledge of this secluded race, was enabled to travel in Lobo Land.
The Lobos are in race allied to the eastern Tibetans. They are tall and powerfully built, most of the men exceeding six feet in height; have straight, vigorous forms, a complexion resembling that of a swarthy Greek or South Italian, with the eyes large and protected by well-arched eyebrows, the nose aquiline, the mouth shapely, and a self-assured expression and demeanor. Their country has a cold and stormy climate, and the dress of the men is much like that of the Chinese, but each man carries habitually a mantle of thick felt which is his wrapping by day and his bed by night, The women are tall, with regular, often hand some features, and ,a frank and cheerful dis position, and weargarments singularly like the ordinary dress of European women, often of rich materials procured from the Chinese. Their hair is tastefully arranged, and covered out of doors by a silken turban. The serving class is, of course, much more simply appareled. Soldiers wear a kind of armor, and carry swords, lances and bows, with a few in pos session of poor guns. They travel and fight mainly on horseback, and are skilful riders on their small, tough horses.
The social system is purely feudal. A powerful family has attached to it a group of hereditary serfs that attend to the simple farm ing and care of livestock, of which a large amount is kept, including pigs and chickens. They are assisted by slaves. These slaves are the captives of war-raids, or their descendants; and after a few generations they become serfs; but nowadays few slaves can be captured. A group of the landholding are united in vassalage to some one of the several heredi tary that exercise some sort of con trol of certain large districts, and are fre quently at war with each other. The 'feudal lords replenish their wealth by raids on their neighbors, by payments from Chinese for the privilege of going into the Lobo country to obtain timber, minerals, furs, the eggs of the wax-insect, etc. The country abounds in coal, copper and precious minerals, but mining ceased with the expulsion of the Chinese since about 1906.