LOMBROSO, lom-bro-zo, Cesare, Italian criminologist, the founder of the science of criminology: b. (of Jewish parents) Verona, 1836; d. Turin, 19 Oct. 1909. He developed early, and was writing on learned subjects be fore he was out of boyhood. He was educated at Paris, Padua, and in 1862 he was ap pointed professor of psychiatry at Pavia. In 1872 he made the important discovery that pallagra, a disease that affects the Italian peasantry, is caused by diseased maize. He became widely known through his investiga tions of the abnormal human being, and spent much time in minute measurements of criminal types. His theories encountered great opposi tion, and are not yet entirely accepted; hut they formed in part the basis for the present crimi nal anthropology. He looked on genius as a form of degeneracy; and criminality as mark ing a reversion to an earlier type and as largely the product of nervous disease. He was the author of numerous works including 'The Criminal' (1887-95); 'The Man of Genius' (1890; Eng. trans., 1891) ; 'The Anarchists' (1895); 'The Causes of and Con test against Crime' (1902) ; 'After Death— What?' (Eng. trans. 1909), and 'The Female offender' (with Ferrero; Eng. trans., New York 1895). Consult the study by Kurella (1892) ; the biography by his daughter (Turin 1906); and Ferrero, T. L., 'Criminal Man ac cording to the Classification of Cesare Lom broso) (New York 1911).
LOM1iNIE DE BRIENNE, 16'masnede bre'en, Etienne Charles de, French eccle siastic and politician: h. Paris, 9 Oct. 1727; d. 16 Feb. 1794. He entered the Church, in order to facilitate his personal advancement. He be
came a doctor of theology in 1751 and in the following year became grand vicar to the arch bishop of Rouen. In 1760 he was consecrated bishop of Condom and three years later was translated to the archbishopric of Toulouse. He was intimate with Morellet, Turgot and Voltaire. He became prominent in the gen eral assembly of the clergy and took a deep interest in social questions. In 1770 he was elected to the Academy and in 1787 became president of the Assembly of Notables. In the same year he succeeded Calonne as head of the Council of Finances. He was involved in several disputes with the Parliament, and finally was obliged to promise to summon the States-General in return for the abolition of Parliament. In 1788 he became archbishop of Sens and on 29 August of that year he was forced out of office. He was made cardinal 15 Dec. 1788 and spent the following two years in Italy. After the outbreak of the Revolution he re turned to France and subscribed to the eivil constitution of the clergy. For this he was re pudiated by the Pope. The leaders of the Revolution viewed his activity with suspicion in the light of his past political acts and had him arrested at Sens on 9 Nov. 1793. He died in prison either by poison or of an attack of apo plexy. Cardinal Lomenie of Brienne published 'Oraison funebre du Dauphin' (1766); 'Compte-rendu au roP (1788) ;