MACDOUGAL, mak-doo'gal, Daniel Trembly, American botanist: b. Liberty, Ind., 16 March 1865. He was graduated at De Pauw University in 1890 and studied in Germany. In 1891-92 he was engaged in explorations in Arizona and Idaho for the United States gov ernment, and in 1893-99 was instructor in plant physiology at the University of Minnesota. He was appointed director of the laboratories of the New York Botanical Gardens in 1899, and after 1910 was director of the botanical re search department of the Carnegie Institution. He was president of the American Society of Naturalists in 1910. Among his hooks are 'Nature and Work of Plants) (1900); (Prac tical Text-book of Plant Physiology) (1902) ; 'Elementary Plant Physiology' (1902) ; (In fluence of Light and Darkness upon Growth and Development' (1903) ; (Botanical Features of North American Deserts' (1908) ; Water-Balance of Succulent Plants' (1910) ; (The Condition of Parasitism in Plants' (1910); 'Organic Response' (1911); 'The Salton Sea' (1913), etc.
McDOUGALL, Alexander, American sol dier: b. Island of Islay, Scotland, 1731; d. New York, 8 June 1786. He emigrated with his father to America in 1755 and later became a merchant in New York. He devoted himself to the cause of the colonies and was imprisoned for a time for writing an address called 'A Son of Liberty to the Betrayed Inhabitants of the Colony.' At the outbreak of the Revolu tion he enlisted in the American army, serving as colonel, brigadier-general, and in 1777 was promoted major-general. He commanded at Long Island, White Plains and also attained distinction in the action at Germantown. He was elected member of the Continental Con gress in 1781 and was for a time Minister of Marine. Re-elected in 1784-85 he served for a time and then resigned, preferring active serv ice in the field. He was elected Minister of Marine and thereby became the first Secretary of the United States Navy. He was a member of the New York State senate at his death.
McDOUGALL, George Millward, Cana dian pioneer missionary: h, Kingston, Ontario, 1820; d. Canadian North West, January 1876. He removed to Georgian Bay with his parents when a child, later studied at Victoria College, and in 1850 entered the Wesleyan Methodist ministry. He was deeply interested in the wel
fare of the Indians, whose habits and character he knew thoroughly, and spent his life as a missionary among them. His field covered at different times a considerable portion of the Northwest Territory and his experience made him often a valuable aid to the government in dealing with Indian affairs. He made a tour of eastern Canada and visited New York and Great Britain in 1875. His career was sud denly ended by his death on the plains within a short distance of his camp. He is commonly reputed to have perished in a snowstorm; but his son, who was with him on the journey toward camp, ascribes the end to some unknown physical infirmity as the weather was favorable and his father a master woodsman. McDougall is among the most famous of the pioneer mis sionaries of Canada. Consult McDougall, J., 'George Millward McDougall, Pioneer, Patriot and Missionary' (Toronto 1888).
McDOUGALL, John, Canadian mission ary, son of George Millward McDougall (q.v.) : Owen wen Sound, Ontario, 27 Dec. 1842. He was educated at Victoria University, entered the Methodist ministry in 1866 and was ordained in 1872. He was reared among the Indians of the Georgian Bay and Lake Superior regions and before entering the ministry he taught school in the North Western Territory. As a clergyman his work was chiefly among the In dians, where his knowledge of their language and customs made his work unusually effective, and he was also able to render important serv ices to the government in connection with In dian affairs. He was peace commissioner after the uprisings of 1869-70 and 1885. He was also closely associated with the treaties made with the Indians in his district. He was chairman of the Saskatchewan district in 1876 and of the Indian district in 1897. Author of 'A Cree Hymn Book' (1888); 'Forest, Lake and Prairie> (1895) ; 'Saddle, Sled and Snowshoe> (1896); 'In the Days of the Red River Re hellion> (1900) ; 'On the Western Trail in the Early Seventies' (1902).