MAKAROV, Stepan Osipovich, Russian vice-admiral: h. 1848; d. 13 April 1904. He en tered the navy in 1864 and received rapid pro motion for distinguished services. During the Russo-Turkish War 1877-78, he commanded the gunboat Grand Duke Constantine, and for a series of daringly successful attacks upon Turk ish ports, which earned him the title of • the Cossack of the Sea,* he was promoted captain of second rank, aide-de-camp to the late Tsar Alexander II, Was decorated with the orders of Saint Vladimir and Saint George and received a golden sword of honor. In 1881 he took part with the legion of Skoheleff in the capture of Geok Tepe in which General Kuro patkin also figured prominently-. The same year he commanded the cruiser Taman, the station guardship of the Russian embassy at Constan tinople, and made a careful and complete study of the defenses of the Bosporus. In 1882-83 he was thief of staff of the offensive squadron in the Baltic under Admiral Chihachev, Minis ter of the Navy. From 1891 to 1894 he was engaged in improvements of ordnance; among his inventions were the so-called cap guns pos sessing 20 per cent greater power of penetra tion into the newest superimposed armor; and the Ermak ice-breaker, the first of the ice breaking vessels now used in Baltic and north ern Asiatic waters. After the disastrous attack of the Japanese on the Russian fleet at Port i Arthur in February 1904 Vice-Admiral Kka mit was sent to the Far East to direct the Rus sian naval operations, and arrived at Dalny 8 March. He repaired and converted the block aded squadron into an active aggressive naval force, but on 13 April was lured out of harbor by a decoy squadron. Discovering the Jap anese main fleet trying to intercept him he at once returned and was about to enter the harbor, when his flagship, the Petropavlovsk, was destroyed by one of the sunken mines laid Ivy the Japanese across the passageway, and Vice-Admiral his guest, Vasili Ve restchagin (q.v.), the famous war-artist, 16 staff
officers and over 800 sailors perished.
MAKART;makIrt, Hans, Austrian painter: b. Salzburg, 28 May 1840; d. Vienna, 3 Oct. 1884. He began his art studies in the Academy of Vienna. In 1859 he went to Munich, and painted in the studio of Piloty, under whose teaching (1861-65) he developed remarkable tal ent as a colorist. His earliest. success was I Rembrandtesque picture of (Lavoisier in Jail' (1862). His first work to gain him wide fame was his three-paneled picture, The Seven Deadly Sins' or The Plague in Florence,' which aroused a storm of adverse criticism, wonder and admiration in Paris and Germany. In 1869 the
Francis Joseph. built him a fine studio in Vienna, and he produced his series of (Abundantialpictures, 'Fruits of the Earth' ; (Fruits of the Sea.' In 1873 followsd the picture which attracted so much attention in the Exhibition of Philadelphia (1896), his
ice Doing Homage to Caterina Cornaro,' now in the National Gallery at Berlin. He traveled in the East during the winter (1875-76), and his Egyptian sketches materialized in his (Cleo patra,' (Antique Hunt on the Nile,' etc. His (Entry of Charles V into Antwerp' (187548) gained a medal at the Paris Exposition of 1878 and his