MONTENEGRO, man-te-na'gro (native, Thernagora; Turkish, Karadagh, Black Moun tain), a former kingdom northwest of Turkey, bounded north by Bosnia and Herzegovina, east by Bosnia, south by Albania and west by the Adriatic Sea and a strip of Dalmatia. Its area was increased by the Treaty of Ber lin of July 1878, from about 1,710 to about 3,630 square miles, and after the Balkan War in 1913 to about 5,603 square miles. The country is a succession of elevated ridges, diversified here and there by a lofty mountain peak, some of them attaining elevations of 5,000 or 6,000 feet, or even 8,000 feet on the borders of the country, with a few beautiful and verdant plains and valleys, in which the soil is tolerably fertile; chief of these are the department of Tzernitza and the valleys of Bielopavlich, watered by several streams, the principal of which is the Mortasa, which falls into the Lake of Scutari. The climate is health ful. Forests of oaks and holly, ash, beech, firs, walnuts, hazel, wild pears, poplars, willows, alders and the sumach, used for dyeing and tanning, cover many of the mountain sides. The cultivited productions are corn, potatoes, cab bage, cauliflower and tobacco, with several kinds of fruit-trees, including the peach, olive, pomegranate, mulberry and others. In the de partment of Tzernitza, already mentioned, apples, vines, carobs, almonds, figs, quinces, wal nuts, etc., also grow in abundance. Agriculture is in a rude state, though every cultivable piece of land, even if only a few feet square, is planted with corn, potatoes or some other useful plant. Sheep, goats and pigs are reared in great numbers; the two former affording a profitable supply of wool and cheese for expor tation. Game is not abundant, but fish are taken in great quantities, and are of excellent quality, particularly the trout, which are celebrated, and some of them of immense size; and a kind of carp is caught in large quantities, and dried and salted for export to Vienna and Trieste. Manu factures, with exception of a coarse woolen stuff, are unknown. The chief occupations of the inhabitants are agriculture and fishing; the latter carried on principally in the Lake of Scu tari, which lies partly in Albania. The exports
of Montenegro are smoked mutton-hams, salted fish, wax, honey, hides, tallow, cheese, butter, cattle and other agricultural produce. The chief imports are cattle, tobacco, salt, wine, brandy, coffee, sugar and manufactured goods. The Montenegrins belong to the Serbian branch of the Slavonic family of peoples. They are generally of tall stature and well proportioned, with singularly powerful voices, which enable them to carry on conversations at incredible dis tances; foreheads good, face rather square, moderately aquiline or straight nose and ani mated eyes. Both men and women are robust : the latter are often beautiful when young but soon lose their good looks by laborious and un feminine occupations. The people generally are cheerful in manner, extremely brave and hos pitable and courteous to all except the Turks, whom they hate. The men go at all times fully armed. The houses are of stone, generally with thatched roofs; but many are covered partly or entirely with wooden shingles. There are few towns in Montenegro, but there are some 300 villages; Cettinje (q.v.) is the capital; Pod goritza (pop. 14,000) ; and the seaports Dulcigno and Antivari are the principal towns. The lan guage of the Montenegrins is a Slavonic dialect. In reli?ion they are all of the Greek Church. Education, which was formerly much neglected, is now becoming freely diffused, the public schools having increased from one in 1851 to about 70 in 1890. Montenegro, until 1851, was a theocracy, governed by a Vladika or prince, who was at once a bishop, a judge, a legislator and a commander-in-chief. The office was hereditary in the family of Petrovitch from 1697. But as the Vladika could not marry, the dignity was inherited through brothers and nephews. In 1851 the civil and ecclesiastical offices were disjoined, the Vladika confining himself to the latter, while the former devolved on the Hospodar. The revenue of the princi pality was estimated for 1914 at about $390,000. P Montenegro has no coinage of its own. Pop. about 516,000.