MULLER, miller, Adam Heinrich, Ger man economist: b. Berlin; 1779; d. 1829. In his 19th year he went to the University of Gottingen, where he at first occupied himself with theology and then became a student of jurisprudence, in which he was a pupil of Hugo. He afterward sought to complete his education by the private study of the natural sciences, which he had previously neglected, He early formed a close intimacy with Fried rich Gentz, his elder by 15 years; and this con nection exercised an important influence both on his material circumstances and his mental development in after life. The two men dif fered widely in character and in their funda mental principles, but agreed, at least in their later period, in their practical political aims, and the friendship was only terminated by death. Muller's relations with the Junker party and his co-operation with them in their oppo sition to Hardenberg's reforms made any pub lic employment in Prussia impossible for him. In 1805 he was in Vienna, where he became a convert to Roman Catholicism, and through Gentz was brought into relations with Metter nich, to whom he was useful in the preparation of state papers. In 1806-09 he was in Dresden, being occupied in the political education of Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar. In 1813 he entered the Austrian service, and in 1815 ac• companied the Allies to Paris. He was en. nobled by the emperor in 1820. In 1827 he settled a second time in Vienna, and was em ployed in the state chancellery. He was one of
the principal literary instruments of the reac tion and took part in framing the Carlsbad resolutions. He was distinguished as a writer not only on politics and economics, but on literature and aesthetics. His principal work is his 'Elemente der Staatskunst' (1809), which contains the substance of a course of lectures delivered at Dresden to statesmen and diplo matists. In political economy he represents a reaction against the doctrines of Adam Smith, whom, while he highly commends him in certain respects, he censures as presenting a one-sidedly material and individualistic conception of so ciety, and as being too exclusively English in his views. Miiller's leading idea is that of the organic unity and continuity of the state and of social institutions in general. Some of his higher tendencies, freed from much of their alloy, are reproduced in the writings of the historical school of German economists. Other works by Muller are 'Die Theorie der Staats haushaltung und ihre Fortschritte in Deutsch land und England seit Adam Smith' (1812) ; 'Versuch einer neuen Theorie des Geldes' (1816); 'Vermischte Schriften iiber Staat Philosophic und Kunst' (2 vols., Vienna 1817); and 'Von der Nothwendigkeit einer theolo gischen Grundlage der gesammten Staatswissen schaften und der Staatswirthschaft insbeson dere' (1819). Consult biographical notice of Mischler in (Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie.)