Army.— Military service is obligatory on all citizens capable of bearing arms who have at tained the age of 20, and lasts up to the age of 42, either in the active army, in the landwehr or the landsturm. The period of service in the active army is 12 of which three are passed in the line, seven in the reserve and two in the landwehr. In 1914 the standing army numbered 430,417 men (including 32,398 offi cers) on the peace footing, and 1,826,940 men and 45,238 officers on the war footing. The landsturm raises the total to over 6,000,000.
Navy.— On account of the development of the Italian navy, Austria found it necessary for her self-defense to have a fleet of her own. Besides a flotilla of monitors for the Danube, the Austrian navy, in 1914, comprised 4 dread noughts, 12 . pre-dreadnoughts, .3 armored cruisers, 9 cruisers and torpedo-cruisers, 3 tor pedo gunboats,.18 destroyers, 63 torpedo boats and 11 submarines.
Judiciary.— The courts of first instance comprise 940 Besirksgerichte, County Courts, and 71 Landes und Kreisgerichte, Provincial and District Courts; Geschworenengerichte, or Jury Courts, being connected with the latter. These courts act as courts of inquiry and have summary jurisdiction. The courts of second in stance, or courts of from the lower courts, having the supervision of the criminal courts, comprise nine Oberlandesgerichte, or higher provincial courts. There are also spe cial tribunals for military, revenue, shipping and other matters, including four industrial courts and three commercial courts. The Oberste Gericht! und Kassationshof, Supreme Court of Justice and Court of Cassation at Vienna, is the final court of appeal. The High Court of Administrative Affairs decides dif ferences between private individuals and public officials, and the Reichsgericht, or Court of the Empire, the conflicts of law and jurisdiction between different authorities.
History of the Country till the Year 982. —After the Romans had vanquished the Nori cans, 33 A.D., and gained possession of the Dan ube, the country north of the Danube, extending to the borders of Bohemia and Moravia, be longed to the kingdom of the Marcomanni and Quadi; a part of lower Austria and Styria, with Vienna (Vindobona), a municipal city of the Roman empire, belonged to upper Pannonia; the rest of the country, with Carinthia and a part of Carniola, formed a portion of Noricum. Gijorz belonged to the Roman province of Illy ncum, and Tyrol to Rhmtia. These limits be came confused by the irruptions of the West Goths, who spread over the upper Pannonia and Noricum but recognized the Roman su premacy as early as 380 A.D. The Boii, Vandals, }ferule, Rugii, Goths, Huns, Lombards and Avars, in the course of the 5th and 6th cen turies, successively occupied the country. But after the year 568, when the Lombards had established their power in upper Italy, the river Ens formed the boundary line between the German tribe of Bajuvarii, the proprietors of the territory above the Ens, and the Avars, who had removed from the east to the banks of that stream. In 611 the Wendi, a Slavonic tribe, appeared on the Murr, Drave and Save. In 788 the duchy of Bavaria was dissolved, and the Avars passed over the Ens and invaded the counties of the Franks in the Bavarian terri tory. In 791 Charlemagne forced them to re tire to the Raab, and united the territory extending from the Ens to the junction of the Raab with the Danube (the territory below the Ens) with Germany, under the name of Avaria, or the Eastern Mark (Marchia Orientalis), or Austria; and in the 10th century in a docu ment of Otho III 996) it was called Ostirrichi, equivalent to the modern Oesterreich. Many
colonists, particularly from Bavaria, were sent by Charlemagne into the new province, and a margrave was appointed to administer the gov ernment. The archbishop of Salzburg was at the head of ecclesiastical affairs. After its separation from Verdun, in 843, Avaria formed the east boundary of the German empire. On the invasion of Germany by the Hungarians, in 900, Avaria fell into their hands, and was held by them till 955, when the Emperor Otho I, in consequence of the victory of Augsburg, reunited a great part of this province to the empire. By the power and address of its mar graves the whole country was joined again with Germany, and in 1043, under the Emperor Henry III and the Margrave Albert I (the Victorious), its limits were extended to the Leitha.
Austria under the House of Bamberg till 1282.—Otho II transferred in 976 the Austrian margraviate to his faithful adherent Leopold I, who was, according to tradition, a descend ant of the house of Count Adelbert Badenburg, who became famous by his victories over the Madyors, and perished in 994. From that year to 1156 the margraviate of Austria was heredi tary in the family of the counts of Badenburg (Bamberg); the succession, however, was not regulated by primogeniture, but by the will of the Emperor. In ancient documents mention is made of the estates of Austria in the year 1096. After Henry the Proud (Duke of Bavaria and Saxony) was put under the ban of the empire, Leopold V, Margrave of Austria, received the duchy of Bavaria in 1138 from the Emperor Conrad. But when the Margrave Henry, son of Leopold, under the title of Jo-so-mir-Gott (Yes-so-me-God), had again ceded it, in 1156, to Henry the Lion, the boundaries of Austria were extended so as to include the territory above the Ens, and the whole was created a duchy with certain privileges. Under this duke the court resided at Vienna. Duke Leo pold VI, the son of Henry, received the duchy of Styria in 1192 as a fief from the Emperor Henry VI, it having been added to the empire by Otho I, in 955, by his victory over the Hun garians. It was this prince who imprisoned Richard Coeur de Lion, ICing of England. Duke Leopold VII, the youngest son of the former, erected a palace within the city of Vienna, which was long occupied by the Austrian mon archs, under the name of the old castle. Leo gold VII, called the Glorious, established the hospital of the Holy Cross, made Vienna, which had adopted a municipal constitution in 1198, a staple town, and granted 30,000 marks of silver for the promotion of trade and commerce. In 1229 he purchased a part of Carniola from the ecclesiastical principality of Freisingen for 1,650 marks, and left the country in a flourishing con dition to the youngest of his three sons, Fred erick II, surnamed the Warrior. In 1236 this prince was put under the ban of the empire, on account of his joining the alliance of the cities of Lombardy against the Emperor Frederick II; and Otho, Duke of Bavaria, seized upon his territory above the Ens as far as Lintz. The rest of the country was granted, as a fief by the Emperor to a margrave, and Vienna became an imperial city.