SEVEN WEEKS' WAR.
After 1866 Austria was occupied chiefly with the internal affairs of the empire. The first aim of the government was to restore the Constitu tion of the state, which had been established in February 1861, but which had been suspended since 1865 owing to the demand of Hungary for self-government. As Austrian statesmen were anxious for a settlement of the dispute, the Hungarian demands were finally agreed to, and the empire of Austria divided into two parts, the one made up of the Cisleithan or Slavonic-German provinces, the other of the Transleithan provinces, the latter forming to gether the kingdom of Hungary. These two divisions of the empire were to be entirely in dependent, except in matters of diplomacy and military and naval matters — to some extent also in matters of finance. This settlement was consummated by the coronation of the Emperor Francis Joseph I as King of Hungary, which took place at Pesth-Ofen, on 8 June 1867. Dur ing the session of the Reichsrath, that is, the Diet of the Cisleithan provinces, held in the same year, the important question of the con cordat of 1855 came up for discussion. The Liberal majority in the Diet were desirous of seeing it entirely repealed, but as they fully recognized the insuperable obstacles in the way of this step, they were content to proceed by separate enactments intended to weaken the power that had been gained to the Papal see by the concordat. With this end in view three measures were brought forward, one for the re-establishment of civil marriage, one for the emancipation of the schools from the domina tion of the Church and one for the placing of the different creeds on a footing of equality. Before 25 May 1868, all these measures had passed through both houses of the Diet, and on that day they received the imperial sanction. These laws were declared by the Pope to be as well as null and void. Further enactments having in view the weakening of the power of the papal see in the state were in 1874 and were condemned by the ope in the severest terms. The fact of the Austro-Hungarian dominions comprising so many different nationalities with different lan guages has always given the government much trouble, both in the management of the internal affairs and in regard to external matters. In the Eastern question, for instance, the course of Austria was hampered by the sympathy shown by the Magyars for the Turks, while her Slav subjects were naturally more favorable to Russia, Serbia and .Montenegro. Previous to the outbreak of hostilities between Russia and Turkey she joined with the other powers in remonstrance with Turkey, but as to the actual struggle remained neutral. At the close of the war in the middle of 1878 Austria took part in the Congress of Berlin, where the settlement of the Eastern question was arranged, and by this congress it was decided that the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina should in future be administered by Austria-Hungary instead of Turkey.
The occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, however, was not accomplished without a fierce struggle, and simply added new factors to the incessant internal friction which continued be tween the different nationalities and political factions of the empire. This was not dimin ished by the final act of annexation, 13 Oct. 1908. In 1907, following two years of per sistent agitation throughout the empire, the law of general manhood suffrage was passed, and resulted, in ensuing elections, in the accession of a great number of socialistic members to both Parliaments and the common Delegations. While internal turmoil did not abate, Austrian external policy was also disturbed by the re sults of the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913, the defeat of Turkey and Bulgaria, and the in creased influence of Russia as the abig of the Slav nationalities. The trend of events culminated in a crisis when on a visit to Bosnia, the Crown-Prince Ferdinand and his consort were assassinated at Sarajevo by two Austrian subjects of Serbian extraction 28 June 1914.
See AUSTRIA-HUNGARY AND THE WAR ; and WAR, EUROPEAN.
Bibliography.— Apponyi, A., .
recht lighe Natur der Beziehungen zwischen Oster reich and Ungarn' (Vienna 1911); Colquhoun, A. R. and E., 'The Whirlpool of Europe) (London 1907) ; Drage, G.,
(London 1909) ; Gribble, F., (The Life of the Emperor Francis Joseph' (London 1913) ; Guber, A.,
Osterreichs) (Gotha 1885) ; Helfert, 'Geschichte Osterreichs vom Ausgange des Wiener Oktoberaufstandes 1848' (6 vols., Prague 1869-86) ; Kellner, L., Arnold. P., and Delisle, A. L., (Austria of the Austrians and Hungary of the Hungarians' (London 1914) ; Krones, 'Handbuch der Geschichte Osterreichs' (Berlin 1876-79) ; Leipnik, F. L., 'The Foreign Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1866 1915' (London 1915) ; Lichnovski, (Geschichte des Hauses Habsburg bis zum Tod Kaiser Max imilians I' (8 vols., Vienna 1836-44) ; Mailath, 'Geschichte des Osterreichischen Kaiserstaates) (Hamburg 1834) ; Seton-Watson, R. W., 'The Southern Slav Question and the Hapsburg Monarchy' (London 1911) ; Steed, H. W., 'The Hapsburg Monarchy' (London 1914) ; Schneller, 'Staatengeschichte des Kaiserthums Osterreich' (4 vols.., Graz 1817-19) ; Springer, 'Geschichte Osterreichs seit dem Wiener Frie den> (Leipzig 1864-65) ; Schmit Ritten von Tavera, 'Bibliographic zur Geschichte des Oster reichischen Kaiserstaates' (Vienna 1858) ; Wurzbach, 'Bibliographisches Lexilcon des Kaisertums Osterreich> (60 vols., Vienna 185Y 92). Publications by the Imperial and Royal Academy of Sciences at Vienna relative to the historical monuments are chiefly the following: 'Fontes rerum Austriacarum> (from 1849 to date) •, 'Archiv fur Kunde osterreichischer Ge schichtsquellen"
fur osterreichische Geschichte"