Pius VII (GREGORIO BARNABA CHIARA mown, gra-are-6 bar na-bi ke-i-ri-mOn'te) : b. Cesna, Italy, 14 Aug. 1740; d. 20 Aug. 1823. He was a Benedictine monk who became bishop of Tivoli and was created cardinal in 1785. He succeeded Pius VI 14 March 1800 and the next year concluded at Paris a concordat with France. In 1804 he went to Paris and crowned Napoleon emperor, but after the seizure of Ancona the quarrel between Napoleon and the Pope began. On the annexation of the states of the Church to the French Empire in 1809 the Pope published a bull of excommunication against the perpetrators of the invasion. He was then arrested and sent to Savona, and after ward to Fontainebleau, and was not permitted to return to Italy until January 1814. The Congress of Vienna restored the states of the Church to the Pope, who applied himself thenceforth to internal reforms. He re-estab lished the Order of the Jesuits in the year of his return to Rome. The character of Pius VII was such as to win him the esteem and sympathy of men of views the most diverse. Consult Artaud, du Pape Pie VIP (1836) ; Celani, Viaggio di Pio VII a Parigi) (1893) and by Allies (1901).
Pius VIII (FRANCESCO XAVIERO CAS TIGLIONE, fran-ches'ko zi-ve-a'ro kas-tel-yo na.) : b. Cingoli, near Ancona, Italy, 20 Nov. 1761; d. Rome, 1 Dec. 1830. After being suc cessively bishop of Montalto, Cesena and Fras cati, he became cardinal in 1816 and Pope in succession to Leo XII, 31 March 1829. During his short pontificate of one year he condemned the slave trade in Brazil, opposed civil marriages in Prussia, denounced Freemasonry and se cured the organization of an Armenian arch bishopric at Constantinople. Consult Artaud, du Pape Pie VIII) (1844).
Pius IX (GIOVANNI MARIA MASTAI-FER stern, jo-van'ne ma-re'a mas'td-e-fer-reete) : b. Sinigaglia, 13 May 1792; d. Rome, 7 Feb. 1878. He belonged to a noble Lombard family. He was educated at the College of Volterra, and in 1815 became one of the Guardia Nobile of the Vatican, but soon after entered the Church, and lived for a few years in Rome as the head of a large orphanage. Not long after the death, in 1823, of Pius VII he was appointed by Leo XII a prelate in his house hold; in 1827 was created archbishop of Spoleto, and five years later transferred to the see of Imola. At Imola he showed himself zealous in good works and possessed of liberal convictions. He was raised to the cardinalate in December 1840, but continued to reside in his diocese till 1846, when, shortly after the death of Gregory XVI he was elected Pope, 16 June. In honor of his patron, Pius VII, he assumed the name of Pius IX (Pio Nono). He ushered in his reign by liberating 2,000 political offenders imprisoned by his predecessors, and granted a general amnesty,. restoring all prisoners and exiles to their civil rights on their signing a declaration of allegiance. He also established four new dioceses in the United States at Al bany, Buffalo, Cleveland and Galveston, all in 1847. In later years he established nearly 50
others in medium-sized American cities. He also (in 1848) drew up a scheme of represen tative government, with two chambers, a free press and a national guard. These and similar measures for a brief period secured him bound less popularity. But the Italians wished to drive out the Austrians. The Milanese overpowered Radetzky, Charles Albert led the Piedmontese to the Minico, and the youth of all Italy rose to the rescue. Matters were now going too fast and too far for Pius, who refused to countenance the revolutionary movement, and as a result Charles Albert was overpowered in Lombardy, while Naples, Tuscany, Parma and Modena had their newly-acquired freedom quenched in blood. The Pope now entirely lost the favor of the Roman populace. Threat ened by the mob in his own palace he fled to Gaeta, and a Roman republic was proclaimed in February 1849, with Mazzini at its head. Louis Napoleon, determined to restore the Pope, sent an expedition to Rome under Oudi not, by whom the Italian patriots, led by Gari baldi, were overpowered. Rome surrendered on 3 July; but the Pope did not return to his capital till April 1850. After his return his government lost much of its personal character, and became reactionary. He now placed his whole confidence in Antonelli, a prelate who had risen to distinction under Gregory XVI and whom Pius had made a cardinal and a member of his council of state in 1847. Antonelli pre served the ascendency in all matters of state till his death in 1876. The Pope himself now be stowed his whole attention upon the Church. He recalled the Jesuits, canonized saints and defined two dogmas. The doctrine of the im maculate conception of the Virgin Mary was defined in 1854; that of the infallibility of the Pope, when speaking ex cathedra on a question of faith or morals, was proclaimed in the great Ecumenical Council held in the Vatican in 1870. Previous to this time the Pope's temporal do minions had become sadly shrunken in extent, owing to the gradual unification of Italy under Victor Emmanuel. (See ITALY). The tem poral power of the Pope, however, was still secured by the presence of a body of French troops at Rome. But after the defeat of Na poleon III at Sedan these were withdrawn. On 20 Sept. 1870 the Italian troops entered Rome, and the temporal power was at an end. The Vatican was left to the Pope; and free diplo matic intercourse, the honors due to a sovereign, and a civil list of f129,000 yearly, secured to him. But these he declined, and confined him self to the Vatican and its garden, declaring that he was under restraint and a prisoner in his own palace. Consult Pougeois, (Histoire de Pie IX' (1877-86) and Lives by Maguire (1878) ; Shea (1878) ; O'Reilly.