Prescription
Prescription, In Medicine, A Statement Or Formula, Usually In Writing And Made By A Physician, Containing Directions For The Prepara Tion And Use Of Medicines Or Remedies For A Patient. Formerly Prescriptions Were Written Altogether In Latin, But In This Country And In Scotland, English Is Now Chiefly Used For ...
Prescription_2
Prescription. At Common Law, Right Or Title To Incorporeal Interests In Land, As Ease Ments, Acquired By Possession For The Time And In The Method Required By Law. In Some Sys Tems Of Jurisprudence, As In The Civil Law, The Term Has A Much More Extensive Signification. At Common Law ...
President
President, Signifying He Who Presides. The Title Is Used For: (i) The Principal Member Of A Society Or Association, Who Takes The Chair When Present At Meetings; (2) The Chief Official Of A Company Or Board; (3) The Head Of A Uni Versity Or College Or Of A Learned Faculty; ...
President And
President And •ndymion, Battle Of The, In The War Of 1812. The Blockade Of The -american Coast By British Ships Was Very Strict And So Effective That The Frigates United States And Macedonian Were Dismantled In April 1814 At New London, And Stephen Deca Tur (q.v.) And His Crew Were ...
Presidential Succession
Presidential Succession, The Order In Which A Vacancy In The Office Of The President Of The United States Can Be Filled Pending A New Election. The 49th Congress Passed A Measure Entitled Act To Provide For The Performance Of The Duties Of The Office Of President In The Case Of ...
Presidents Of The United
Presidents Of The United States, Family Coats-of-arms Of. One Half Of Our 28 Presidents Possess Either Through The Paternal Or Maternal Side Heraldic Bearings, While Four Additional Executives Come Into Heraldic Relationship By Marriage. The Study Of These Heraldic Symbols Is Not Only Interest Ing, But Profitable, Since They Suggest ...
Press
Press, Freedom Of The, The Right Of Every Citizen To Print Whatever He Chooses. The Free Dom, However, Does Not Prevent His Being Amen Able To Justice For Abuse Of This Liberty. The Right Of Printing Rests On The Same Abstract Grounds As The Right Of Speech, And It Might ...
Press Associations
Press Associations, Organizations For The Gathering And Distribution Of News. The Association Of Newspapers For The Collec Tion Of News Began Before The Invention And Use Of The Telegraph. In London The Great Dailies And Other Agencies Supplied The Interior Press Of The Country With Stereotyped News, And More Especially ...
Pressburg
Pressburg, Pres'boorg, Or Pres Burg (magyar, Pozsony), Czecho-slovakia, (1) Free City In The West, Capital Of A County Of The Same Name, On The Left Bank Of The Danube, 35 Miles East Of Vienna. The Site Of The Town Is Remarkably Fine, Being In The Form Of A Semi-circle, Bounded ...
Pressense
Pressense, Edmond Dehault De, Ed Meth De-olt De Pra-sofi-si, French Protestant Theologian: B. Paris, 3 June 1824; D. There, 8 April 1891. He Studied Theology Under Vinet, Tholuck And Neander And In 1847 Was Appointed Pastor Of The Independent Chapelle Taitbout In Paris. Throughout His Whole Career He Was An ...
Prester John
Prester John (priest Or Presbyter John), A Semi-legendary Character Of The Mid Dle Ages. It Was Reported By Travelers That There Was A Christian Prince Who Reigned In The Interior Of Asia Under His Name, And The Same Story Was Also Known To The Crusaders. Albert Of Aix And Otto ...
Preston
Preston, Margaret Junkin, American Author: B. Milton, Pa., 19 May 1820; D. Balti More, Md., 28 March 1897. She Was The Daughter Of George Junkin (q.v.), A Well Known Presbyterian Clergyman, Who In 1829 Moved With His Family To Germantown, Pa., And In 1832 To Easton, Pa., Where He Became ...
Preston_2
Preston, Thomas Scott, American Ro Man Catholic Clergyman: B. Hartford, Conn., 23 July 1824; D. New York, 4 Nov. 1891. He Was Graduated From Washington (now Trinity) College In 1843, From The General Theological Seminary Of The Protestant Episcopal Church In 1846 And Held Assistant Rectorates In New York. In ...
Preston_3
Preston, England, An Important Manu Facturing Town Of Lancashire, 28 Miles North East Of Liverpool, On A Height Above The North Bank Of The Ribble, Near The Head Of Its Estuary, And On The London And North-western And The Lancashire And Yorkshire Companies Railways. The River Is Spanned By Five ...
Prestonburg
Prestonburg, Engagements At And Near. In September 1861 Col. John S. Wil Liams Began To Organize A Confederate Force At Prestonburg, In Eastern Kentucky, To Operate In The Interior Of The State. On 8 November Gen. William Nelson, Who Had Advanced Against Him With Three Ohio Regiments, Detachments Of Kentucky ...
Pretender
Pretender, The Young. See Stuart, Charles Edward. Pre-teri-a, South Africa, Ad Ministrative Capital Of The Union Of South Africa (q.v.) And The Province Of The Trans Vaal (q.v.), Situated On The Banks Of The Small River Aapies, A Tributary Of The Limpopo, 4,500 Feet Above Sea-level, 46 Miles Northeast Of ...
Preventive Medicine
Preventive Medicine. Generally The Term 'preventive Medicine' Has Been Re Garded As Almost Synonymous With Public Hygiene And Its Application Has Been Confined To The Operations Of The Sanitary Authorities In The Prevention Of The Infectious And Com Municable Diseases. These Operations Have Not In The Past Included Even All ...
Prevost Dexiles
Prevost D'exiles, Antoine Francois, French Author : B. Hesdin (artois), 1 April 1697; D. Near Chantilly, 23 Nov. 1763. He Was At First A Jesuit, Then Enlisted In The Army, After A Brief Return To The Order Again Turned Soldier, And Still Later Joined The Benedictines Of Saint Maur. Subsequently ...
Pribilof
Pribilof, Pre'be-led, Or &nl Islands,* A Group Of Islands In Bering Sea, Belonging To The United States, About 200 Miles North Of The Aleutian Islands And 320 Miles West Of Bristol Bay. The Largest Islands Of The Group Are Saint George, Saint Paul, Walrus And Otter, While The Others Consist ...
Price
Price, Julius Mendes, English Traveler: B. London, England. He Was Educated In Brus Sels And At The Ecole Des Beaux Arts, Paris; Entered Journalism And Was A Special Artist Correspondent Of The Illustrated London News. In 1884-85 He Served In The Army With The Bechuanaland Campaign In South Africa When ...
Price_2
Price, Sterling G., American Soldier : B. Prince Edward County, Va., 11 Sept. 1809; D. Saint Louis, Mo., 29 Sept. 1869. He Was Edu Cated At Hampden-sidney College, Studied Law, Removed To Chariton County, Mo., In 1831, And In 1840 Was Elected To The Missouri House Of Representatives, Of Which ...
Prices
Prices. Price Is Value Expressed In Money. Thus, Price Is Not Identical With Value. It Is An Expression Of Value In Terms Of Some One Commodity, Which Commodity Is Called Money. Value Is Thus The More Fundamental Term; It Is The Thing Expressed, Whereas Price Is The Ex Pression Of ...
Prickly Pear
Prickly Pear, Agenus (opuntia) Of American Cactus. About 130 Species Have Been Recognized In The Region They Occupy From British Columbia Through The Western States, Central America And West Indies To Southern South America. They Are Very Variable In Their Specific Characters, And The Lines Between Species Are Very Indistinctly ...
Pride And Prejudice
Pride And Prejudice. An Admirer Of Jane Austen's Novels Is Certain To Regard As The Best The One He Happens To Be Reading, So Admirable Are They All In Those Qualities Which Make For Perfect Work; But On Reflection He Will Probably Give The Palm To 'pride And Prejudice,' If ...
Priene
Priene, Pri-e'ne, In Ancient History, A City Of Ionia At The Mouth Of The Gason In Early Times, But Because Of The Alluvial Deposits Of The Mmander Finally Lay Several Miles From The Coast. One Of The 12 Cities In The Ionian League, Priene Was Conquered By Ardys, A Lydian ...
Priest
Priest, One Who Performs The Sacred Rites Of Any Religion, Especially The Sacrificial Rites, And Who Is Thus A Mediator Between The Deity And Men. In Primitive Times The Function Of Priesthood Was Inherent In The Head Of A Family, The Pater Familial; But As States Were Organized Priest Hood ...
Priest Of Kirchfeld
Priest Of Kirchfeld, The. The Folkplay In Viennese Dialect, 'der Pfarrer Von Kirchfeld,' Produced 5 Nov. 1870, In Vienna, Is Anzengruber's Most Popular Drama Even If In The Opinion Of The Critics It Is Not His Best. It Raised A Struggling Unknown Author To Fame, Partly Because Of Its Freshness ...
Priestley
Priestley, Prest'll, Joseph, English Physicist And Unitarian Divine: B. Fieldhead, Yorkshire, 13 March 1733; D. Northumberland, Pa., 6 Feb. 1804. After A Secondary Education Accepted An Invitation To Become Presby Terian Minister Of Needham Market, Suffolk, On An Average Salary Of F30 A Year. After Three Years He Took Charge ...
Primary
Primary, Direct. A Direct Primary Is An Election Held By Political Parties At Which Candidates For Nomination Are Chosen Directly By The Voters Of Those Parties. Under This Method, Voters Select Their Nominees Directly, Whereas Under The Delegate Or Convention System The Voters Send Their Delegates To A Convention At ...
Primary_2
Primary, Presidential Preference, A Method Adopted By Some States Of Applying The Direct Primary To The Choice Of Delegates To National Political Conventions. A Widespread Be Lief That The National Conventions, In Their Entire Membership, Had Not Been Truly Representative Of The Party Voters And Did Not Reflect The Pref ...
Primate
Primate, Since The 4th Century Of The Christian Church, The Title Assumed By The Bishop Of The Capital Of A Province, And Hence Equivalent To Metropolitan Or Exarch. The Council Of Chalcedon Decreed That The Primacy, Or "first Place Before All," Was To Be Accorded To The "archbishop Of Old ...
Primates
Primates, The Name Given By Linnmus To His Highest Order Or Group Of The Mammalia, Which Included The Bats (ckeiropttra), The Apes, Monkeys, And Lemurs (quadrumana), And Man (bimania). By Common Consent Of Zool Ogists The Bats Have Been Removed, Leaving The Monkeys, Lemurs And Man As A Fairly Homo ...
Prime Minister
Prime Minister, The Title Of The Pre Mier, Secretary Of State Or Other Officer Of State, Who In Most European Countries, At The Summons Of The Sovereign, Has Succeeded In Forming An Administration, Of Which He Is The Head And Which May Be Named After Him. Those Who Accept Office ...
Prime Number
Prime Number, An Integer Indivisible By Any Number Save Itself And Unity, That Is, One Which Cannot Be Factored; Such Number Are 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, Etc. They Occur Very Frequently Among The Lower Numbers And Begin ...
Primrose
Primrose, A Popular Name For Many Gar Den And Wild Plants, Among Which The Following Are Probably The Best Known: Evening Prim Rose ((enothera Biennis, Etc.) ; Arabian Prim Rose (arnebia Cornuta) ; Cape Primrose (strep Tocarpus Spp.) ; And Various Species Of The Genius Primula. This Last Consists Of ...
Prince
Prince, The Cb Principe)), By Nieto1?;• Machiavelli (written 1513, Published In A Latin Version 1523, And In The Original Italian 1532), Holds A High Place Both In History And In Litera Ture. Historically The Chief Document Of The Centralizing And Nationalizing Movements Of Renaissance Europe, It Was Produced By The ...
Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island, Canada, An Insular Province Of The Dominion, And The Smallest In Area And Population, In The Southern Part Of The Gulf Of Saint Lawrence, Separated East To West From Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia And New Brunswick By The Curving Northumberland Strait, From 10 To 30 Miles ...
Princess
Princess, The, By Alfred Tennyson, Pub Lished In 1847, Reprinted In 1848 And In 1850, Was Acclaimed As "the Herald-melody Of The Higher Education Of Women," A Theme Which Tennyson Held To Be One Of The Two Great Prob Lems Of The England Of His Day. The Poem Is The ...
Princesse De Cleves
Princesse De Cleves. (the Prin Cess Of Cleves' By Madame De La Fayette Ap Peared First Under The Name Of In I67& It Is A Novel, But It Is In Form And Con Tent In The Sharpest Contrast To The Novels That Had Up To That Time Been In Vogue. ...
Princeton Theological Sem Inary
Princeton Theological Sem Inary, A Presbyterian Seminary At Prince Ton, N. J. It Was Organized In 1812, And For A Time The Classes Were Held In The Buildings Of Princeton College (now Princeton University); In 1815 A Tract Of Land Was Purchased For The Seminary, And A Building Erected. ((the ...
Princeton University
Princeton University, Located At Princeton, N. J. The First Movement Toward The Establishment Of The College Of New Jersey Was Made In 1739 By A Committee Appointed By The Presbyterian Synod Of Philadelphia, But This Committee Met With Little Success And The Proj Ect Was Laid Aside For The Time. ...
Pringle
Pringle, Prin'g'l, Thomas, Scottish Poet: B. Blaiklaw, Roxburghshire, 5 Jan. 1789• D. London, 5 Dec. 1834, He Was Educated At Edinburgh University And In 1811 Became A Copyist In The Registry Office, Edinburgh. He Began Writing Clever Satire And Attracted The Notice Of Sir Walter Scott, Who In 1817 Gave ...
Printing
Printing, The Art Of Producing Impres Sions From Characters Or Figures On Paper Or Other Substance. Printing From Movable Types Is Of Comparatively Modern Origin, It Being Less Than 500 Years Since The First Book Was Issued From The Press; Yet The Principles On Which It Was Ultimately Developed Existed ...
Printing Presses
Printing Presses. The First Printing Presses Were A Development Of The Cheese Or Cider Press Common In All Large Mediaval House Holds, And Needed Little Change To Adapt Them To The Uses Of Typography. Gutenberg's Press, Upon Which He Printed His 'bible' Of 36 Lines (1450?), His Of 42 Lines ...
Printing Trade
Printing Trade, American. Al Though The Printing Trade Had Its Inceptiun In America Considerably Prior To The Revolution Ary War, It Was Not Until Some Time After The Conclusion Of That Struggle For Liberty That It Began To Assume The Proportions Of A National Industry. In The Year 1775, For ...
Prior
Prior, Pri'ar, Matthew, English Poet And Diplomatist : B. Wimborne Minster, Dorsetshire (possibly Winburn, Middlesex), 21 July 1664; D. Wimpole, Cambridgeshire, 18 Sept. Ir1. He Was Educated At Cambridge, And In 1688 Was Chosen Fellow Of His College, Saint John's. With Charles Montague He Wrote In 168 'the Coun Try ...
Priscian
Priscian, Prish'i-an (latin, Priscianus Cesariensis, Prish-i-anfis Se-zi-ri-en'sis), Latin Grammarian Of The 6th Century A.d. From His Surname "cmsariensis)" It Is Supposed That He May Have Been Born At Czsarea, And It Is Believed That He Lived About 500 A.d , As He Is Mentionel By Paulus Diaconus As Contemporary Of ...
Prisoners Of War
Prisoners Of War. Ordinarily A Prisoner Of War Is A Person Belonging To The Military And Naval Forces Of A Belligerent And Who Has Fallen Into The Hands Of The Enemy By Capture Or Otherwise. This Definition, However, Is Both Too Broad And Too Narrow, Since There Are Persons Attached ...
Prisons
Prisons. A Prison Is A Place Of Confine Ment Or Of Involuntary Restraint For The Safe Custody Of Criminals And Others Committed By Process Of Law. There Are Detention Prisons For Persons Awaiting Trial And Confinement ; Prisons For Those Convicted And Sentenced To Imprison Ment. The Former Are Sometimes ...
Pritchett
Pritchett, Prich'et, Henry Smith, American Astronomer And Educator: B. Fayette, Mo., 16 April 1857. He Was Graduated From Pritchett College, Glasgow, Mo., In 1875 And Later Studied Astronomy Under Asaph Hall In The United States Naval Observatory Where He Became Assistant Astronomer In 1878. In 1880 He Accepted The Position ...
Private Schools
Private Schools, Institutions Under Private Control As Distinct From Public, And Im Plying Maintenance By Private Corporations Or Individuals. But The School May Be Private, Or Not Public, In Its Origin And Government, And If There Are No Limitations As To Who May Be Ad Mitted As Pupils, It Is ...
Privateer
Privateer, The Name Applied In Time Of War To A Ship Owned By A Private Individual, Which Under Government Permission, Expressed By A Letter Of Marque, Makes War On The Ship Ping Of A Hostile Power. To Make War On An Enemy Without This Commission, Or On The Ship Ping ...
Privilege
Privilege Taken In Its Active Sense Is A Particular Law, Or A Particular Disposition Of A Law, Granting Certain Special Prerogatives To Some Person Contrary To The Common Right. Examples Of Privilege May Be Found In All Systems Of Law, As In The Case Of Members Of Congress And Of ...
Privileged Communications
Privileged Communications, Statements Made By 'a Client To His Counsellor Or Attorney In Confidence, Relating To Some Cause Or Action Then Pending; Such Communications Cannot Be Disclosed Without The Consent Of The Client; The Statements Of A Patient To His Phy Sician, Of A Husband To His Wife, Of A ...
Privileges And Immunities
Privileges And Immunities, Are Those Privileges Of Citizens Of Each State, In The Several States Of The North American Union Which May Not Be Abridged By State Or Local Laws. The Constitution Of The United States, Article Iv, Section 2, Paragraph 1, Provides That "the Citizens Of Each State Shall ...
Privy Council
Privy Council, In England, The Body Of Advisers Of The Sovereign Which Formally Sanctions Those Acts Of Government Not Properly The Province Of Parliament. Privy Councillors Are Nominated, Without Patent Or Grant, At The Pleasure Of The Crown, Excepting Certain Per Sons Appointed Ex Officio. They Hold- Office For Life, ...
Privy Purse
Privy-purse, Keeper Of The, An Officer Of The Royal Household In England, In Charge Of The Payment Of The Private Expenses, Including Charities, Of The Sovereign. He Has No Control Over Any Official Or Household Ex Penses, And Is Independent Of The Great Officers Of The Household. (privatum Sigillum), A ...
Prize Courts And Prize
Prize Courts And Prize Juris Diction. As A General Rule When Enemy Property Is Captured At Sea Under Circumstances That Render It Liable To Appropriation And Con Fiscation By The Captor The Rights Of The Original Owner Are Extinguished. But It May Be That There Is Doubt As To Whether ...
Prize Fighting
Prize-fighting, Fighting With The Fists For A Reward Or Prize. The Ancient Greeks Were The Earliest To Have Prize-fights Among Their Sports, So Far As Our Historic Knowledge Goes. The Pugilatus (prize-fighter) Fought Naked Except, At Times, For A Loin Cloth. The Sport Was So Popular That The Nation Placed ...
Probabilists
Probabilists, Those Philosophers Who Maintain That Certainty Is Impossible And That We Must Be Satisfied With What Is Probable. This Was The Doctrine Of The New Academy, Particularly Of Arcesilaus And Carneades. The Last-mentioned Philosopher Distinguished Three Principal Degrees Of Probability, According As A Representation Might Be Probable When Consid ...
Probabilities Derived From Experience
Probabilities Derived From Experience. Probabilities Of Causes.— Hitherto The De Termination Of The Probability Of An Event Has Been Based Directly Or Indirectly Upon Certain Governing Events. A Problem Of Another Sort Comes Up For Consideration. In The Discussion Of This Problem And Similar Ones The Word Cause Will Be ...
Probability
Probability, Theory Of, Is That Branch Of Mathematics Which Deals With The Determina Tion Of The Degree Of Belief Which, In The Ab Sence Of Full Information, Should Be Given To Certain Classes Of Statements, Or To The Past Or Future Occurrences Of Certain Events. In Regard To The Great ...
Problematische Natures
Problematische Natures Natures)). Like Freytag And Paul Heyse, Friedrich Spielhagen Was Chiefly Concerned, In His Novels, With Defining The War Ring Elements Of German Character And The Opposing Springs Of German Action In The Period Before And After The Revolution Of 1848. Like Freytag And Heyse, Spielhagen Saw Clearly The ...
Procaccini
Procaccini, Pre-kiit-che'ne, The Name Of A Family Of Artists Of The 16th Century Who Under The Patronage Of The Borromeo Family, Founded A Distinct School Of Italian Painting At Milan, As The Caracci Had Done At Bo Logna. The Members Of This Family Were (1) Eacom Paoc.acattr, Called The Elder: ...
Procession
Procession, Religious, A Solemn March Of The Clergy And People, Attended With Reli Gious Ceremonies, Prayers, Singing, Etc., In The Churches Or Streets Of A Town For The Purpose Of Returning Thanks For Some Divine Blessing, Petitioning For Assistance In Some Great Calam Ity, Celebrating The Consecration Or Visitation Of ...
Proclamations
Proclamations, Executive, Docu Ments Issued By An Executive In Accordance With The Powers Conferred Or In Fulfillment Of The Duties Imposed On Him By The Constitution Or Expressly By Statute, Or Even In Regard To Mat Ters Toward Which It Becomes Desirable Or Neces Sary To Draw The Attention Of ...
Proclus
Proclus, Philosopher Of The Neo-platonic School: B. Constantinople, 412; D. Athens, 485. He Is Usually Called Diadocleus And Sometimes The Lycian, Because His Parents Came From Xanthus In Lycia. He Received His First Educa Tion At Alexandria From The Famous Peripatetic Olympiodorus The Elder, And Completed It At Athens Under ...
Proconsul
Proconsul And Proprietor, Func Tionary Of The Ancient Roman Empire, To Whom The Administration Of The Provinces Was En Trusted; Proconsul Or Proprietor Being One Whose Term Of Office Had Expired As Prator Or Consul. The First Consul Who Received The Of Proconsul, Was Q. Pubilius Philo In 327 B.c. ...
Procopius
Procopius, Pro-lapi-lis, Byzantine His Torian: B. Caesarea, Palestine, About 500 A.d.; D. Constantinople, About 565 A.d. After Practising As A Rhetorician And Advocate At Constantinople For A Short Time He Brought Himself So Much Into Public Notice That In 527 Belisarius Made Him His Legal Adviser And Private Secretary. He ...
Procopius_2
Procopius, Andrew, Hussite Chief : B. About 1380; D. Biihmisch-brod, 30 May 1434. He Was Distinguished As Procopius The Great, Or The Bald, From As Contemporary At Times Associated With Him Known As Procopius The Lesser Or Prokupek. He Received A Good Edu Cation, Traveled Extensively And Upon His Return ...
Proctor
Proctor, Proklor, Alexander Phimister, American Sculptor: B. Ontario, Canada, 27 Sept. 1862. Soon After His Birth His Parents Moved To Colorado Where He Was Educated, Studying Later In New York Art Schools. He Was The Pupil Of Puech And Ingalbert At Paris, And Was Awarded The Rinehart Paris Scholar Ship. ...
Proctor_2
Proctor, Redfield, American Politician: B Proctorsville, 'vt., 1 June 1831; D. 'washing Ton, D. C., 4 March 19w. He Was Graduated From Dartmouth In 1851, And From The Albany Law School In 1860. He Practised Law A Short Time And In 1861 Entered The Federal Army As Lieutenant; Was Soon ...
Proctor_3
Proctor, Richard Anthony, English Astronomer: B. Chelsea, 23 March 1837; D. New York, 12 Sept. 1888. He Was Educated At King's College, London And Cambridge, And Began To Read For The Bar, But In 1863 Took Up With Enthusiasm The Study Of Astronomy And Mathematics. In 1866 He Was Elected ...
Profit Sharing
Profit Sharing, A Method By Which Wage-earners Receive A Share Of The Profits Of An Industry In Addition To Wages. Strictly Speak Ing, Profit Sharing Implies That The Bonus Shall Be Given To Workmen Individually; But Benefits And Insurance, Social And Educational Funds Maintained Out Of The Profits Of A ...