The Irish prison plan was also recommended .for State prisons by former Warden Gaylord B. Hubbell of Sing Sing Prison, who visited the Irish and English convict prisons and made a report thereon, to the New York Prison As Sociation, in 1865. In this report Hubbell said: " Let a farm of two or three hundred acres be purchased (no matter if it is cheap, rough, land) situated on the line of the Erie Railroad at some point where bialdiag =Aerials and provisions can be procured at the lowest rates. This done, I would procure plans and drawings of the best prisons In this country and in England. Having selected a plan combiuing the advantages of both, I would erect a new prison, having three distinct divisions, near to one another and on the same farm. The first 'division should have a capacity of not more than 100 cells and should be arranged for separate confinement only. The woad divition should have a capacity of 200 cells and should be arranged with suitable workshops, in which to employ 200 convicts, who should work in association during the day and be separated by night. The third division should have dormitories to accommodate 100 to 150 men. In the first division, the prisoners, being kept in solitude, would, of course, take their maids in the cella. In the wand &neon a comfortable dining-hall should be peepared. In the third division all the arrangements should be sucla as to give as much freedom as possible to the inmates.
" All prisoners Gent to the proposed system should, under be allowed to work their way oat; but it be clearly understood that no prisoner can ever have this advantage more than once. Those who are convicted a second time, after being subjected to this training, should go to Some other prison to serve out the whole of their sentence, without any chance or prospect whatever of release or pardon." The plan thus recommended for a New York State prison was never carried out, but in 191.3 and 1914 the State legislature and the govern ment of the city of New York authorized the construction of the New York City Reforma tory at New Hampton, N. Y., situated on the main line of the Erie Railroad, 55 miles from New York City. This institution is being con structed much in accordance with the plan out lined by Hubbell, with such modifications of the original system as 53 years of prison and re formatory management have indicated are necessary.
After the development of the Irish prison system and when transportation of prisoners carne to an end, certain modifications were made in British prison management. This, as inocli fied, was made to provide three distinct periods or stages of confinement; that of probation endured in separate confinement at a so-called prison; a period of labor in association at a public works prison, and conditional leave for the unexpired portion of the sentence upon parole or 'ticket of During the first period a prisoner was sup posed to be confined under autocratic govern ment in accordance with Silent or Auburn System, as modified by certain features of the Separate or Pennsylvania System. In the sec
ond or intermediate period the prisoner was allowed a little more freedom and to associate in work with his fellows, while in the third period he was allowed to go beyond the walls of the prison under more or less supervision after the original example of the grant of a ticket of leave)) in Tasmania and in Australia. His permission to be abroad might be forfeited by breaches of the law or by failure to com ply with the conditions governing his permit. Out of this has grown the modern parole system.
Reformatories established in most American States prior to 1890, while direct imitations of Elmira, also copied more or less the British ((intermediate* prison, which was built for the confinement of the English prisoners during the second stage. The English system is the English adaption of her regular prison system, which provides educational and de velopmental opportunities for juvenile offend ers. It was also derived inpart from English investigations of the Elmira System. Some re formatory institutions established in the United States between 1880 and 1900 and nearly all established since that time have been patterned, not only after Elmira, but also after American industrial and vocational schools. The New Jersey and Connecticut reformatories for young men, while modeled after Elmira, have tended toward the British intermediate prison plan.
From the beginning of the 20th century public opinion has been concerned with the shortcomings of prison administration, which investigation has shown to be due in no small part to the antiquated and unserviceable type of building construction which the Silent or Auburn System provided. The form prevents proper classification, and adequate classification must always be regarded as one of the funda mental bases of prison administration. Not withstanding this fundamental defect in con struction, commendable efforts have been made to infuse a new spirit into the administration of these prisons. These attempts to build up a new type of administration in the old type of prisons have but emphasized the fact that ade quate classification of prisoners is not entirely possible without the provision of different types or kinds of prisons. Modern penologists now demand that the modern prison system should never place men and women in separate parts of the same prison, and should provide: 1. Sufficient detention prisons for those awaiting trial.