Prisons

2. Classification or reception prisons where all offenders are committed by the courts im mediately after conviction to be observed and classified.

3. Educational, industrial and training school prisons for younger offenders.

4. Industrial prisons, preferably of the farm colony type.

5. Hospital prisons for the criminal insane and for border-line insanity cases.

6. Custodial prisons for the low grade feeble minded, for other abnormals and for habitual offenders.

A study of prisons constructed recently or at present under construction indicates that prison architecture has broken away from its slavish copying of the Silent or Auburn Systems. Prisons for juveniles, for the insane, for petty offenders, for crippled offenders, for the high grade feeble-minded, for diseased prisoners and for all but the low grade feeble-minded and per verts and habitual offenders, are now fre quently designed more like industrial schools, hospitals and labor settlements than like the old bastile of the Auburn type. Small units built in accordance with modern adaptations of the Auburn plan are still serviceable as prisons for the perverted and the hardened offenders.

A very notable development of prison ad ministration has taken place in the Philippines since American occupation. Of particular significance is its development of vocational and industrial training in the Bilibid Prison at Manila, of agricultural colonies and also of the Iwahig Penal Settlement, where prisoners are permitted to live in houses which they are per mitted to _purchase •from their earnings as pris oners. Upon their release they are in turn permitted to sell to the prisoners who have been given the opportunity of serving as part of their sentence at this very remarkable colony. Every division of the prison system in the Philippines aims to do its part in reforming the offender and reclaiming him from a life of evil by fitting him for his return to society. Insofar as it

accomplishes this, each unit of that system and the system as a whole is performing the serv ices required of a modern prison.

Bibliography.— Bacon, Corinne, (London 1852); Carpenter, Mary, 'The Irish Prison Crawford, W., and Russell, W., 'Extracts from Seond Report of Inspectors of the Home Dis trict) (Philadelphia 1838) ; Dickens, Charles, Notes) (Chicago 1885) ; Ellwood, C. A., 'The English Prison System) (in The Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology, 1916) ; George, W. R., 'The Junior Republic) (New York 1911) ; Gor ing, Dr. Charles, 'The English Convict) (Lon don 1913) • Hall, Capt. Basil, 'Travels in North America from 1827-1828> (Edinburgh 1829); Healy, William, 'The Individual Delinquent) (Boston 1915) ; Howard, John,