Proudhon

PROUDHON, proo'clan, Pierre Joseph, French philosophical anarchist: b. Besancon, France, 15 July 1809; d. Passy, Paris, 16 Jan. 1865. He studied at the University of Besan con, but left without completing his course there because compelled to find some means of self-support. He then learned printing and in 1837 became partner in developing a new typo graphical process. He had continued his edu cation by improving every opportunity for study; and in 1838 published a philological treatise, 'Essai de Grammaire Generale,' for which the Academy of Besancon conferred on him a pension which yielded an income of 1,500 francs for three years. Political economy now became his chief study, and in 1840 appeared his famous work (1849); et principal' (1849); du credit' (1850), the last two a resume of discussions he had with Bastiat (q.v.) on the subject of in terest; 'Le droit au travail et le droit de pro priete' (1850) ; 'De la celebration du dimanche' (1850) ; (Idee general de la revolution aux 19e Slade' (1851) ; revolution sociale demon tree par le coup d'etaP (1852) ; du progres) (1853) ; (Manuel du speculateur a la Bourse' (1856) ; la justice dans la revolu tion et dans l'eglise' (3 vols. 1858): guerre

e la paix' (2 vols., 1860) ; (Theorie de l'Imp60 (1861) ; majorats litteraires) (1862) ; federation et l'unite en Italie' (1862) ; principe federative, etc.) (1863). The following works of his 'have been pnblighed posthumously: la capacite politique dcs classes ouvrieree (1865) ; (Theorie de In nropriete) (1365) ; principe de l'art' (1865) ; 'Le Bible Annotee (2 vols., 1866-67) ; (France et Rhin' (1867); 'Contradictions politiques' (Paris 1870); principe de l'art, etc.) (1875); pornocratie, etc.) (1875); et christianisme' (2 vols., 1883) ; et les Origines du Chris tianisme' (1896) ; (Napoleon I' (1898) ; poleon HP (1900). A collection of his works, ComplCtes,' has fieen published (37 vols., Paris and Brussels 1866-83), and an abridged edition, des oeuvres de Proud Ito& (Paris 1897). His corresnondence has been edited by J. A. Langlois (14 vols., Paris 1875). Only a few of his many writings have been translated: 'What is (trans later by B. R. Tucker, Princeton, Mass., 1876); 'System of Economical Contradictions; or the Philosophy of Misery' (translated by B. R. Tucker, Vol. I, Boston He was the first to formulate the doctrines of philosophical anarchism; he maintained that property was unjustifiable that labor only should give just claim to share in the product of labor, and that consequently rent and inter est should not exist. He thus far agreed with the socialist doctrine of value, but he was neither a socialist nor a communist; because the state depended upon and protected property he claimed that the State must be destroyed; and that the proper basis of society was a vol untary contract between individuals.

Bibliography.— Beauchery, A., sociale de P. J. Proudhon' (Paris 1867) ; Bet thod, A., (New York 1896); Desjardins, A. A.,